Past

Political science

History

Geography

Economics

Old history

Mideval history

Modern history

Past

future

Past

future

Present

Physical Geography: Focuses on natural features (landforms, climate, vegetation).

Environmental Geography: Examines the relationships between humans and the natural world.

Human Geography: Studies human societies, cultures, economies, and interactions with the environment.

Human Geography: Studies human societies, cultures, economies, and interactions with the environment.

Environmental Geography: Examines the relationships between humans and the natural world.

Physical Geography: Focuses on natural features (landforms, climate, vegetation).

Modern economics

Medievel economics

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Old Economics

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2. Medieval History

  1. Colonial or Imperial Era:

3. Modern History

  1. Contemporary Era:

- Cold War: Global rivalry between the USA and USSR.Formation of international organizations (e.g., United Nations, European Union).Globalization and technological advancements.Current issues: Climate change, geopolitical tensions, and social movements.

  1. Modern Era:

- Age of Exploration: Expansion of European powers to the Americas, Africa, and Asia.Establishmentt of colonies and exploitation of resources.Transatlanticc slave trade and its impact on global societies.Resistancee to colonization and early independence movements.

Industrial Revolution and its global effects on economies and societies.
Rise of nationalism and major political ideologies (e.g., socialism, capitalism).
World War I and World War II: Causes, events, and aftermaths.
Decolonization: Independence movements in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

1. Old History

  1. Ancient Era:

Rise of early civilizations (e.g., Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley).Formationn of empires and kingdoms (e.g., Roman Empire, Persian Empire). Invention of writing, calendars, and early trade networks.Religiouss and cultural advancements (e.g., Hinduism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism).

1. Early Medieval Era:Decline of ancient empires and the rise of feudal systems.Spread of major religions (Christianity, Islam).Regional power struggles and early dynasties.

1. Prehistory:Early human activity before written records. Archaeological findings: tools, cave paintings, burial sites.Developmentt of early societies and agricultural practices.

Summary

Summary

Summary

1. Old Economics

Time Period: From Prehistory to the Medieval Era.

  1. Prehistoric Economy:
  1. Ancient Economic Systems:

Development of agriculture and domestication of animals Early trade networks (e.g., Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley).Inqavention of currency (e.g., coins in ancient Lydia).Economic role of empires (e.g., resource extraction, taxation).Specialized industries (pottery, metallurgy, and textiles).

  1. Medieval Economic Structures (Early Medieval):

Rise of feudalism: Land-based wealth and agricultural economies.Localized trade and guild systems (e.g., artisans, blacksmiths).Religious influence on the economy (e.g., tithes, church-owned lands).

2. Medieval Economics

Time Period: Late Medieval Era to the Colonial or Imperial Era.

  1. Late Medieval Economy:

Expansion of trade routes (e.g., Silk Road, Trans-Saharan trade).Early banking systems in Europe (e.g., Medici family in Italy).Urbanization and market towns as trade hubs.Influence of plagues (e.g., Black Death) on labor markets and economies.

  1. Colonial and Imperial Economics:

Exploitation of colonies for resources (e.g., gold, spices, slaves).Establishment of global trade networks (e.g., triangular trade).Introduction of plantation systems and cash crops (e.g., sugar, tobacco).Early industrialization in colonizing nations, driven by colonial wealth.Taxation systems imposed by colonial rulers.

3. Modern Economics

Time Period: Modern Era to the Contemporary Era.

  1. Industrial Revolution and Modern Economy:

Shift from agrarian economies to industrial manufacturing.Introduction of mechanization and factory-based industries.Growth of capitalist economies and free markets.Migration to urban areas for factory jobs.

  1. Global Conflicts and Economic Shifts:

Economic impact of World War I and II (e.g., war debts, resource allocation).Economic depressions (e.g., the Great Depression of the 1930s).Post-war reconstruction efforts (e.g., Marshall Plan in Europe).Nationalist movements and economic independence in colonized countries.

  1. Contemporary Economy:

Globalization: Growth of international trade and multinational corporations.Technological advancements: Shift to information and service economies.Emergence of economic powerhouses (e.g., China, India).Challenges: Climate change, income inequality, and economic recessions.Rise of digital currencies and fintech innovations.

Subsistence living through hunting, gathering, and early agriculture. Barter systems as the earliest form of trade. Resource-based settlements (e.g., near fertile land or water sources).

Present :

Human Geography: Studies human societies, cultures, economies, and interactions with the environment.

Environmental Geography: Examines the relationships between humans and the natural world.

Physical Geography: Focuses on natural features (landforms, climate, vegetation).

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1. Old Political Systems

Time Period: From Prehistory to the Medieval Era.

Subtopics:

  1. Prehistoric Political Organization:

- Small clans and tribes governed by elders or leaders. Decision-making through consensus or simple hierarchies.Beginnings of territorial control and early warfare for resources.

  1. Ancient Political Systems:
  1. Early Medieval Political Systems:

- Feudalism: Decentralized governance with lords and vassalsInfluence of religion on politics (e.g., Papal authority, Islamic Caliphates).Rise of kingdoms and tribal confederations in Europe, Asia, and Africa.

2. Medieval Political Systems

Time Period: From the Late Medieval Era to the Colonial or Imperial Era.

Subtopics:

  1. Late Medieval Political Structures:

- Transition from feudalism to centralized monarchies.Religious conflicts shaping politics (e.g., Crusades, Protestant Reformation).Early parliamentary developments (e.g., Magna Carta in England).

  1. Colonial and Imperial Politics:

- Expansion of European empires through colonization (e.g., British, Spanish, French Empires). Governance systems in colonies (direct rule, indirect rule). Political exploitation of colonies and indigenous populations.Resistance movements and early struggles for autonomy (e.g., American Revolution, Indian uprisings).

3. Modern Political Systems

Time Period: From the Modern Era to the Contemporary Era.

Subtopics:

  1. Modern Political Developments:

- Emergence of nation-states and the decline of empires. Political ideologies: Rise of nationalism, socialism, liberalism, and communism.Role of revolutions in political change (e.g., French Revolution, Russian Revolution).Development of constitutional governments and democracies.

  1. World Wars and Global Political Shifts:

- Impact of World War I and II on colonial powers and governance systems.Rise of international organizations (e.g., League of Nations, United Nations).Decolonization and the emergence of independent states.

  1. Contemporary Political Systems:

-Cold War: Bipolar world order (USA vs. USSR) and ideological conflicts. Globalization and its effects on sovereignty and governance.Rise of regional organizations (e.g., EU, ASEAN). Modern challenges: Populism, climate change policies, and global terrorism.

-Formation of city-states (e.g., Mesopotamia, Greece). Monarchies and dynasties (e.g., Egyptian Pharaohs, Chinese emperors).Codification of laws (e.g., Hammurabi’s Code, Roman law). Early democratic experiments (e.g., Athenian democracy). Political structures in empires (e.g., administrative systems in the Persian Empire).

1. Late Medieval Era:Feudalism as the dominant social structure in Europe and parts of Asia. Cultural and scientific achievements during the Islamic Golden Age and the European Renaissance. The Crusades and their impact on global trade and culture. Rise of powerful dynasties (e.g., the Ming Dynasty, the Ottoman Empire).

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