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Semester 2: History (Japan (Society structure in Tokugawa Period/ Feuadal…

- - - - The Japanese tea ceremony, also called the Way of Tea, is a Japanese cultural activity involving the ceremonial preparation and presentation of matcha (抹茶), powdered green tea.
      - dress code
      - garden
      - tea room
      - preparing tea
      - enjoying the tea and bowl
      - Wa (harmony)
        
        Kae (respect)
        
        Sei (purity)
        
        jaku (tranquility)
  - - - Tokugawa Ieyasu was the founder and first shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, which effectively ruled Japan from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868
      - born in 1542 and was the son of an arranged marriage between teenaged members of a powerful diamyo clan and a samurai family.
      - In 1556, Ieyasu officially came of age, with Imagawa Yoshimoto presiding over his genpuku ceremony. Following tradition, he changed his name from Matsudaira Takechiyo to Matsudaira Jirōsaburō Motonobu
      - In 1567, he changed his name yet again, this time to Tokugawa Ieyasu. As he was a member of the Matsudaira clan, he claimed descent from the Seiwa Genji branch of the Minamoto clan. However, there was no proof the Matsudaira clan are descendants of Emperor Seiwa.[9] Yet, his surname was changed with the permission of the Imperial Court, after writing a petition, and he was bestowed the courtesy title Mikawa-no-kami and the court rank of Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade
  - - - This was done during the Tokugawa Shogunate when Ieyasu decided to isolate Japan from the world. This was done due to the Tokugawa being suspicious of foreigners due to them trying to change Japanese traditions
      - Only the Dutch, Korean and Chinese were allowed to trade with Japan due to them being trustworthy. Trade could only take place between port of Nagasaki and the goods were strictly regulated
      - They remained isolated for 260 years
      - Why did the Shogun control trade?
        
        They were very concerned with the spread of Chritainity through Japan as it undermined Buddhist and Shinto Beliefs
        
        They wanted to maintain an existing social order, doing so, banned Japanese from going out of Japan and banned them from returning. Control over trade meant control over isolation of Japan
        
        Daimyo Lords could not engage in trade due to the Daimyo possibly becomming more powerful and rich
        
        They would be wealthy due to them collecting taxes from anybody who wanted to trade with Japan, making them more powerful
        
        Trading was very profitable to the Tokugawa family
        
        Copper and Silver was a main export of Japan. With the Shoguns in control of trade, they could limit the amount of minerals leaving Japan, maintaining the stock of these minerals
  - - - This is connected to reason why Japan was isolated form the world
        
        Japan's isolation policy was fully implemented by Tokugawa Iemitsu, the grandson of Ievasu and shogun from 1623 to 1641. He issued edicts that essentially closed Japan to all foreigners and prevented Japanese from leaving.
- - - - Knights were also able to be monks and because of that, they served the Church. During the time of the Crusades, the Knights would accompany pilgrims that were out. In return for their service, Knights were given good care from the Church, with the Church paying their taxes and taking care of a Knight's horse and amour as well as other things.
    - - Armour is an important thing to a Knight as it is something that protects them from being severely damaged by others. Though it was very useful, it was made of pure metal, which meant that it was hard to walk around with. With the weight of the Armour along with the weapons the Knight had, it made it hard for a person to move around. It was used as a defence andmade it hard for enemies to get a hit on the Knight.
    - - The main reason why knights fell was because of the invention of gunpowder.It's because gunpowder would break/explode the armor that the knights wore so there was no point in wearing it and even if the knights were able to survive the explosion, they would still die from the injuries that they got.
    - - Battle axes: With less skill needed to use this weapon, Knights would throw it and slash in close combat of their enemy. The axe was easier to carry, though it was still heavy to hold. Like the mace, it had a steel head but instead of a more blunt weapon, the axe was sharp.
      - Lance: A lance is a long spear that had a wooden body with a sharp steel tip. The weapon was favoured with the Knights because of it's ability to keep a distance between the Knight and the Knight's opponent. Like in battling, the lance was also a weapon used in jousting.
      - Shield: Although the shield was used more for defense rather than attack, but if it ever came to a time where the Knight would not have anything to defend off of, they would use their shield as a sort of weapon to push back the enemy.
      - Mace: The mace was a weapon that was carried around by Knights and used to bash things like heads. It was a weapon with it's head made of hot steel and it's base, or stick, made of heavy metal.
      - Sword: The sword was a classic weapon used by knights when defending off enemies. It was made of iron and had a bladed tip. The tip made it easier to slash and thrust the opponent.
    - - Knights always had to be wealthy and powerful people. They had a lot of money since amour did cost a lot to make and the needs of a Knight were also pretty expensive. Since the peasants would work on the land that the Knights owned, they were often given power over them, as well as leading armies in wars.
    - - In the Medieval society, Knights were the last class that were able to own land for themselves, having enough power to do so, though, they were still lower than the King, as the King was the one with the most power. Knights were ranked above the peasants.
      - In return for their feif (land) the Knights pledged loyalty to the King or Lord. They served him in the army against other armies and trained in military, giving military service in return for the land they got.
      - The rank that worked for the Knights are the peasants. The knights would collect taxes from the peasants and offered them jobs in return for land and service.
  - - - You could rebut by using siege engines, like battering rams. Sieges lasted for a long time. Defenders must keep an ample amount of food in order to survive.
  - - - Most men were uneducated and remained tied to the drudgery of peasant labour.
      - Some boys managed to get an education in monestaries. This will give them the opportunity to be a parish priest or work in teh manor as a bailiff or steward
      - Their life was hard due to them working a lot. They would: clear fields, harvest, repair buildings, saw and chop timber and pay the fiefe to the lord
    - - They could only own land if they were a widow and looked after the household and had command over the servants
      - Regardless of class, women had some rights
      - Noble girls were married as early as the age of 12 by their family (typical pakistani wedding) and was usually done for political power or wealth
      - They are expected to produce male heirs.(fun fact: it is actually the guy's sperm that decides the gender of the baby, so this should be the husband were expected to produce a male heir)
        
        1 in 5 women died in childbirth
      - Peasant girls had fewer right because they had to work in feilds and got married later on due to then being an importtant source of labour. Also, they did more work than men due ot them doing household chores
    - - They were regarded as a source of labour. They were taught how to work on the farms.
      - They were regarded as adults ever since they turn 10 and teenagers are usually isolated. They didnt go to school and had few opportunities to mix with people
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