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13 Categories of Disabilities (IDEA), Cohort 7, *, image, image, image,…
13 Categories of Disabilities (IDEA)
Low Incidence
Hearing Impairments 1%
Assistive Technologies
source
Speech-to-text
FM System (to enhance teacher's voice)
Amplification
Cochelar implants
Bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA)
Hearing aids
Closed captioning
Teaching Strategies
source
Reduce background noise
Add rubber tips or tennis balls to chairs
Add carpet
Avoid noisy fans, computers, etc.
Visual support
Use concept maps, charts, graphic organizers, diagrams, etc.
Use videos, photos, PPT
Reduce glare
Ensure clear line of vision
Put assignments in writing
Give students time to look at visual supports before discussing
Control listening environment
Allow only one person to speak at a time
Repeat questions and comments of other students
Call on students by name and visually indicate who is speaking
Get student's attention before speaking
Consider circular seating arrangement
Personal Support
Notetakers
Hearing "buddies"
Interpreters
Captionists
Deaf-Blindness (>.1%)- Sizwe Buthelezi
Teaching Strategies
follow the link for more info on teaching strategies
Small group or individual instruction
Balanced interaction
Safe environment
Instruction and support from an orientation and mobility specialist to ensure that the environment is safe for learner to move around.
Use language to code existing concepts
Use routines to expanding frequency of communication
Develop clear goals and objectives
Definition-
The loss of sight and hearing to the point where your communication, mobility and ability to access information are impacted. -BlindUK
Assistive Technologies
Braille displays
This is the only way deaf-blind learners can read or communicate
Screen readers
Dictation
Alerting devices
Devices that use physical alert systems
Learning difficulities
Unable to access visual learning material
Unable to participate is large group activities
Effective communication between educator and student
May be unable to access most of the learning tech
https://coggle.it/diagram/X88HM0vpCN0qafc8/t/processes-to-identify-students-in-a-classroom-setting
Deafness
Teaching strategies
Signing
Hand activities
TPR
Not speaking when facing away
Provide written materials o supplement classes beforehand. They will have a hard time reading notes and looking at teachers.
All students can see the teacher
Visual aid
Emphasise Key, repeat and rephrase to help lip reading
Encourage other students to learn sign language.
Peer tutors
Interviews with deaf students
Look out for signs of mental health challenges- deaf kids are more likely to have mental health issues.
Quiet environment
Assistive technology
Closed captioning
Speech-to-text
Subtitles
Hearing aids
Videos with sign language interpreters
Use a microphone
Loop systems, sometimes called an Induction Loop System or simply a Hearing Loop
Good lighting for remote teaching
Infrared Systems function similar to Loop Systems but are often used in situations where privacy and confidentiality are needed, such as in courtrooms and banks
Definition
Deafness means a hearing impairment that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.
Impact on learning
Vocabulary develops more slowly in children who have
a hearing loss.
Children with hearing loss often feel alone and isolated
They often struggle with academic achievement
Other Health Impairments
Traumatic Brain Injury
Certain Spectrum of Autism
Teaching Strategies
Small group or partner work (fewer students working interactively)
Observe the student's interactions with fellow classmates and make interventions (socially) when needed
Provide written rules or pictures with directions (be explicit and use visual aides)
Establish clear routines and habits to support regular activities and transitions
https://coggle.it/diagram/X8ePWZiaCSnmNVu2/t/identifying-and-helping-struggling-students
Assistive Technologies
Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)
promotes independence, expands communication, and increases social interaction
Speech Generating Devices with Dynamic Display
Tablets
iPads
Dynavox
Apps
Picture Flashcards
Speech Generating Devies
Voice Output Communication Aids (VOCA)
Quick Talker
Go Talk
Elizabeth Kim
Multiple Disabilities
2%
AssistiveTechnologies
Assistive technologies for students with multiple disabilities - Source Article
Speech Generating Devices to circumvent writing difficulties
Orientation Systems to assist movement
Microswitches
Self-monitoring programmes
My Coggle talks about how investigating alternate methods can assist special needs studetnts
Teaching Strategies
Medium to long term plans
Group goals
Individual schedules
Sensory Input
Visual Impairments
4.3%
Types of Visual problems
Partial/low vision
- Can distinguish light/dark or patterns/shapes - may be able to read with a magnifier
Periphial Vision
- can see what's outside of the central areas of focus.
Residual Vision
- The vision that's left in those with visual impairments
Teaching Strategies
Spell what is written on the board
Focus on listening skills
Be humorous through laughter and jokes
Explain/describe everything that is happening
Encourage spoken participation.
Use descriptive videos
As they are likely to be good at pronunciation can ask them to help others
Encourage discussion and role plays
May need a helper/buddy
Use larger fonts
Assistive Technologies
Use a Screen Reader
Use Braille
Once an IEP has been created the need for assistive technologies must be addressed. Follow link to my own Flow Chart
Portable note-takers
Talking Calculaters and Dictionaries
Tactile Graphics; maps, graphs, diagrams
Access to a computer
High Incidence
Intellectual Disabilities (1%)
Definition
Significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. (IDEA, 2018)
A disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. This disability originates before the age of 18 (AAIDD)
Impacts on Learning
Difficulty understanding new information
Difficulties with communication and social skills
Slow cognitive processing time
Difficulty in the sequential processing of information
Difficulties comprehending abstract concepts.
Signs of Intellectual Disability
sit up, crawl, or walk later than other children
learn to talk later, or have trouble speaking
find it hard to remember things
not understand how to pay for things
have trouble understanding social rules
have trouble seeing the consequences of their actions
have trouble solving problems
have trouble thinking logically
Accommodations
Teaching Strategies
break down learning tasks into small steps
provide direct and immediate feedback
Using visual aids like charts, graphs, and pictures
Teach one concept at a time
Teach in small groups or one-on-one if possible
Provide multiple opportunities to practice skills
Physical and verbal prompting to guide correct responses
Provide hands-on learning opportunities
Keep distractions and transitions to a minimum
Explicitly teach organizational skills
Repeat instructions or directions frequently
Provide an encouraging and supportive learning environment
Use short and simple sentences to ensure understanding
Collaborating with special education teachers, school counselors and administrators to align support with IEP goals
(Refer to
Blen's flowchart
on collaboration)
Assistive Technologies
No/low Tech
Graphic organizers
Audio books and publications
Talking calculators
Colored overlays
Adapted paper
Word bank
Digital recorders
Highlighters
Mid/high Tech
Speech-to-text
:
Text-to-speech
Proof-reading software
Electronic math worksheets
Word-prediction programs
Electronic note takers
Speech synthesis software
Word processors
Possible Causes
Genetic
Down Syndrome
Fragile X Syndrome
Following an illness
Meningitis
Measles
Head trauma during childhood
Exposure to toxins
Brain malformation
Environmental influences (alcohol, drugs...)
Maternal disease
labor- and delivery-related events
Emotional Disturbance
(5%)
- Elise Parziale
Teaching Strategies
Reflection period to analyse their own feelings and emotions
Establishing SMART goals for both short and long term
source
Journals that are “locked” or will never be read, but give them a safe space to express emotions through writing or drawing
(Desautels, 2017)
Short daily conversation with students to give them the attention they need
Self-evaluation where the student is reinforced by their own progress from previous activities / assessment
(Mooney, et al., 2008)
Written and verbal feedback from teacher highlighting the positives and areas of growth
Create interactive learning environments so students are not so easily distracted or disengaged
Allow for some collaborative work so that students have the opportunity to develop relationships with others
My flow chart mentions strategies on how to address emotional and behaviour problems in the classroom
(Elise's Flow Chart)
Accomodations
Option for both written and verbal communication during classroom learning so all students feel comfortable
Include safe space in the classroom for children who need to take a breath and recharge
(Desautels, 2017)
Set expectations of rules that are posted around the classroom and reinforced through verbal reminders frequently
Quickly develop classroom routines so the student knows what to expect and what is also expected of them
Definition
Exhibiting issues with developing relationships, inexplicable ability to learn, inappropriate behaviour or mood changes under normal circumstances, and / or physical symptoms due to personal problems over extended periods of time
(Sec. 300.8 c, 2018)
Includes all mental health issues that affect a child’s daily life in and out of the classroom (anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, eating disorders, OCD, bipolar disorder, etc)
(Newton, 2019)
Speech and Language Impairment - Sam Bae
Definition
a communication disorder that affects a child’s educational performances such as stuttering, impaired articulation, and language impairment.
Impact on Learning
issues with five components of language - phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics
difficulty in communicating less effectively with teachers and classmates
challenges giving oral presentation
attaining normalcy within a group
difficulty in classroom discussion participation
Common Traits
difficulty comprehending words properly
expressing oneself and listening to others in a different method
abnormally soft voice
usually found at a young age
fluency in speech or cluttering in burst or unexpected pauses
Sometimes has short attention span and often gives inappropriate answers
samples when telling a story or responding to certain questions
Teaching strategies
start working with child at a younger age (preschool) to lessen stuttering and articulation
Prevent social issues for children who might bully
Assistive Technology
speech journal
Text Aloud - app that speaks documents, files and emails
communication board - uses symbols, pictures and printed words for communication
texthelp.com - software that reads the writing of the children and checks spelling errors as well as a built in dictionary, thesaurus, and calculator
Orthopedic Impairments
Assistive Technologies
wheelchairs, specialized desks, canes, crutches, communication software, or speech recognition software, screen reading software, assistive communication devices
Defined
: severe impairment that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. 1.1% or roughly 68,188 students in the US impacted in the years 2003-2004
Project Ideal
Impact on Learning
Teaching Strategies
IEP
can mandate the need for classes to be shorter distances from one another or other impairment related issues.
Beau's Flowchart
Assigned seating within class
Instruction focused on gross/fine motor movements
IDEA Law states that students with orthopedic impairments should be educated in the least restrictive environment when appropriate (US Dept. of Ed). Students will have varying degrees of needs dependent on the severity of their impairments.
Trouble getting from class to class, Inability to write, quickly to fatigue, trouble regulating body temperature, poor coordination, muscle spasms, involuntary body regulation like drool or passing gas,
Specific Learning Disability - Lumka Sithela
Dyslexia
dy
Impact before school**
Late talking
Learning new words slowly
Problems forming words correctly, such as reversing sounds in words or confusing words that sound alike.
Problems remembering or naming letters, numbers and colors
Difficulty learning nursery rhymes or playing rhyming games
Impact during teens and adults
Difficulty reading, including reading aloud
Slow and labor-intensive reading and writing
Problem spelling
Causes
Dyslexia tends to run in families. It is linked to certain genes that affect how the brain processes reading and languages.
Teaching strategies
Using material
6 more items...
Interactive instruction
4 more items...
Assistive technologies
2 more items...
Alternative keyboards
Graphic organizers and outlining
Electronic math worksheet
Freeform database software
Personal FM listening system
Portable word processors
Definition
A specific learning disability that affects reading and related language-based processing skills. Involves difficulty reading due to problems(decoding). Affects areas of the brain that process language.
Cohort 7
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Audio
