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-Formation of city-states (e.g., Mesopotamia, Greece). Monarchies and…

- - - - 9. Social Movements and Civil Society
        
        Subtopics:
        
        - Civil Rights Movements: Struggles for equality, freedom, and justice.
        
        - Role of NGOs and Activism: Influence of non-governmental organizations.
        
        - Protests and Revolutions: Key events that led to political change.
        
        - Freedom of Expression: Media and public engagement in politics.
      - 10. Political Challenges and Future Prospects
        
        Subtopics:
        
        - Corruption: Extent and impact on governance.
        
        - Inequality: Addressing economic and social disparities.
        
        - Ethnic and Regional Conflicts: Historical and current tensions.
        
        - Global Challenges: Climate change, migration, and economic competition.
        
        - Future Directions: Predictions for political reforms and developments.
      - 8. Security and Defense
        
        Subtopics:
        
        - Internal Security: Law enforcement and intelligence agencies.
        
        - Military Structure: Organization, funding, and capabilities of the armed forces.
        
        - Cybersecurity: Measures to protect digital infrastructure.
        
        - Terrorism and Insurgency: Challenges and countermeasures.
        
        - National Security Policy: Defense strategies and doctrines.
      - 1. Foundations of Political Science
        
        Subtopics:
        
        - Definition and Concepts: What is politics? What are power, authority, and governance?
        
        - State and Nation: Differences between states, nations, and nation-states.
        
        - Sovereignty: Concept of state sovereignty and its evolution.
        
        - Constitution: Importance, purpose, and structure of the country’s constitution.
      - 2. Historical Political Development
        
        Subtopics:
        
        - Early Political Structures: Tribal governance, city-states, or monarchies.
        
        - Revolutions and Independence Movements: Key events leading to political independence.
        
        - Colonial or Imperial Rule: Impact of colonization or empire-building on governance.
        
        - Post-Independence Development: Challenges in state-building and governance.
      - 3. Political Systems and Governance
        
        Subtopics:
        
        - Government Types: Parliamentary, presidential, federal, or unitary systems.
        
        - Political Ideologies: Dominant ideologies shaping the country (e.g., democracy, socialism).
        
        Branches of Government:
        
        - Executive: The head of state, government, and their powers.
        
        - Legislative: Parliament or Congress structure, powers, and functions.
        
        - Judiciary: Role of courts and legal systems.
        
        - Administrative Divisions: Role of states, provinces, or regions in governance.
      - 4. Political Parties and Elections
        
        Subtopics:
        
        - Party Systems: One-party, two-party, or multiparty systems.
        
        - Major Political Parties: History, ideologies, and influence of key parties.
        
        - Election Campaigns: Role of media, funding, and public engagement.
        
        - Electoral Systems: Types of elections (e.g., first-past-the-post, proportional representation).
        
        - Voter Behavior: Trends in participation, turnout, and demographics.
      - 7. Foreign Relations and Diplomacy
        
        Subtopics:
        
        - Regional Influence: Role in neighboring regions and alliances.
        
        - Global Engagement: Membership in organizations like the UN, WTO, or NATO.
        
        - Trade and Aid: Economic diplomacy, foreign aid, and trade agreements.
        
        - Diplomatic History: Key treaties, alliances, and conflicts.
        
        - Soft Power: Cultural diplomacy, education exchange, and influence.
      - 5. Policy-Making and Public Administration
        
        Subtopics:
        
        - Public Administration: Structure and efficiency of bureaucracy.
        
        - Policy Development: How policies are drafted, debated, and implemented.
        
        Policy Areas:
        
        - Economic policies (taxation, trade).
        
        - Environmental policies (climate action, conservation).
        
        - Social policies (education, healthcare).
        
        - Corruption and Accountability: Transparency and anti-corruption measures.
      - 6. Law and Judiciary
        
        Subtopics:
        
        - Legal Framework: Constitution, civil law, criminal law, and administrative law.
        
        - Human Rights: Enforcement of civil liberties and international obligations.
        
        - Judicial Independence: Role of the judiciary in maintaining checks and balances.
        
        - Landmark Cases: Key legal cases that shaped governance.