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Geography Chapter 10, All Geog answering formats, Geography chapter 11, 7…
Geography Chapter 10
Why are transport systems located in cities?
Chapter 10.3
How does expanding transport systems affect people and why should we expand them?
1.Facilitate the everyday mobility of Singapore
2.Increase accessibility to place previously less accessible
3.Get to destinations faster/Save time
4.More accessible choices in amenities/activities/work/schools
Transport systems facilitate the mobility of people Allows people to commute to work and school more easily. Transport system provide access to social activities and amenities. Eg. Feasible walkways are built near bus interchange and Mrt stations for people to reach places conveniently (eg; shopping malls and hospitals)
How do transport systems support E-commerce businesses?
Transport systems are vital to the functioning of economic activities, supplying goods and services from where they are produced to where they are consumed.
The denser and more varied the transport networks, the more distributed the goods and services can be locally and internationally
Transport systems are vital to the functioning of economic activities.Facilitate local and global distribution of goods and services. May also be tapped upon to meet daily needs E.g. In California, water trucks help to deliver water to households during times of drought
Unimodal and intermodal connectivity
Unimodal
Involves only one transport mode
Intermodal
Involves 2 or more transport modes
Intermodal connectivity is the seamless movement of passengers and freight using two or more transport modes. Transport hubs are usually used to support intermodal connections.
An efficient transport network is one with good intermodal connectivity, where there is seamless movement of passengers and freight. Intermodal transport taps on the strengths of each transport mode with the goal of linking different modal. Careful planning is needed to provide infrastructure support that will ensure smooth connectivity between modes so that passengers do not get lost and goods do not go missing.
What are the different connection between cities?
Point-to-point
Hub-and-spoke
Connection between cities can be direct or indirect. Point-to-point and hub-and-spoke networks are two types of connections in a transport network.
What are Transport systems? Chapter 10.1
Transport system connects people from different locations, providing opportunities for Social interactions and economic trade.
Transport systems enhance the accessibility and connectivity of the movement of people ,goods and services.
The 3 components of transport
Infrastructures:
Physical support of transport modes, such as roads and terminals
Fixed elements of transportations including superstructures
Factors of the quality of infrastructure
Coverage
Capacity
Frequency
Convenience
Environmental sustainability
Networks:
System of linked locations(Nodes)
Functional and spatial organization of transportation
Modes:
Mobile elements of transportation
Conveyances used for the mobility of passengers and freight
Where are transport Nodes usually located? Chapter 10.2
Location of transport nodes depends on the concentration of activities.
The more highly concentrated an area is with activities, there tends to be a higher concentration of transport nodes.
Major transport nodes are usually located in areas with high accessibility. Accessibility refers to convenience .Most people base their travel decisions on travel time and cost.
All Geog answering formats
PEEL
Point
Elaboration
Evidence
Link
IDEAL(Evaluate the strategy)
Identify the strategy
Description of the strategy and how it'll achieve the target
Example of the strategy
Advantages of using the strategy
Limitations
ONE(Describe distribution)
Overall trend
Noteworthy examples
Exception
More info on the geog exam
<- Click for info
OONE(Compare)
Overall highest(Use TAD)
Overall lowest(Use TAD)
Noteworthy examples
Exceptions
TAD
Time
Adjective
Data
Geography chapter 11
How do transport systems impact People in cities? Chapter 11.2
Improved mobility for the elderly and people with disabilities
Mobility is the ability of people and freight to move from place to place. Mobility allows us to access basic goods and services and also facilitate social interactions that are necessary for our emotional well-being
The elderly and people with disabilities have limited mobility because they may need more time and support to move around. Thus, because of age and barriers, they may face difficulty travelling in transport systems
The provision of age-friendly and barrier-free transport systems enable them to move around and access opportunities independently, therefore increasing their mobility
Examples include: Tactile indicators on the floor of Mrt and bus stations and wheelchair accessible buses.
Traffic congestion
Traffic congestions occur when road usage has reached it's full capacity and usually occur during peak times in busy areas.
They may have a physical and emotional effect on driver's caught in one and may anger/frustrate them which increases the chance of road rage and accidents
As a result, due to traffic congestions, more fuel is burned and wasted which increases carbon emissions and carbon footprint which may lead to a worsened air quality
Health risks
Air polution
Air pollutants are released into the air when fuel burns which increases health risks and causes respiratory problems such as breathing difficulty, asthma, eye irritations, lung infections and a higher risk of lung cancer
This causes many cities to actively try to reduce transport-related pollution like smog by encouraging the use of public transports instead of private vehicles
Noise pollution
As people use transport modes more often, traffic noise is a serious issue as it has exceeded 55 decibels which can cause adverse health effects
Excessive noise can disturb sleep, reduce work performance ,provoke annoyance, cause mental stress, result in hearing impairment and even trigger heart-related illness
Safety risks
Transport accidents have implications on healthcare, insurance, damage to property and life. Therefore, ensuring that there is safety and conduciveness in our transport systems is utmost importance
Speed cameras
Used to deter and detect speeding to reduce the amount of road accidents that may occur
Are placed in areas with a high density of traffic and cars
Terrorism
Airport terminals may become target for terrorist attacks as they are viewed as a place of significance and hotspot for people for the government. Thus, airport security must be strict and more resources are used to fund the safeguarding of airports
Molesting cases and theft
Some people deem an increase of traffic volume as unsafe due to a potential increase in crime and molesting rates that may occur in public trains or buses
How can transport systems be sustainably managed? Chapter 10.3
Laws and policies on transport
As cities grow, there is a growing demand for road safety. Laws as policies can help to safeguard people who need to cross the road.
Cities also implement rules and laws to reduce car usage and encourage the use of alternatives such as public transport and non-motorized methods of transport like walking and cycling
Constraining vehicle ownership and road usage
Increase the supply of of public transport and promote the sue of more environmentally friendly modes of transport
Road pricing and congestion pricing
Manages road congestion , shapes travel behaviour and raise revenue to finance the transport system. Also makes driving a car more expensive than taking public transport
Integrated land use and transport planning
Land use planning refers to where and how a plot of land should be used to shape the demand for travel and distance needed to travel
Transport planning refers to the provision and management of infrastructure and services for various transport modes to meet the current and the future usage needs.
Requires close coordination to balance social, economic and transport needs.
Provision of a range of mobility options for different groups of people
The installation of barrier-free transport facilities help to ensure that the elderly and people with disabilities do not isolate themselves at home because of limited mobility and instead cause them to want to use the public transport because it is convenient and efficient.
Research and development of transport
Cities invest in the research and development of public transport systems to help make them more sustainable , improve mobility of people and more environmental transport modes.
I'm too lazy to add the other parts sothis will do
How do transport systems impact the environment in cities? Chapter 11.1
Changing the physical environment
Space is needed in constructing transport systems that may lead to natural vegetation, trees and forests being cleared out to make space
This reduces the animals habitat which will restrict animal movement and cause roadkill
Slopes, mountains and rivers may also need to be modified in order to accommodate the expansion of transport systems
Increasing our carbon footprint
Transport systems require energy sources to work which may include petrol that produces carbon dioxide when burnt. This production of carbon dioxide is called carbon footprint.
Carbon footprint is the measure of greenhouse gases that is linked to human activities. Excessive amounts of greenhouse gas produced will lead to the enhanced greenhouse effect and global warming
Transport systems account for 25 to 30% of all greenhouse gas emissions. Cities grow as the amount of people living and working in them increase which leads to a higher demand for more transport systems and therefore a higher increase in greenhouse emissions
7 8 & 9
<-- link to other mindmap
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