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UK Landscapes - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Sea wall
        
        Advantages
        
        Effective at stopping the sea
        
        Often has a walkway or promenade for people to walk along
        
        Concrete or rock barrier against the sea
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Can look obtrusive and unnatural
        
        Very expensive and high maintenance costs
        
        Costs £5000-£10000 per metre.
      - Groynes
        
        Advantages
        
        Creates a wider beach which can be popular with tourists.
        
        Not too expensive
        
        Timber structures cost £150,000 each at every 200m.
        
        Provide useful structures for those interested in fishing
        
        Timber or rock structures built out to sea from the coast. They trap sediment being moved from longshore drift and enlarge the beach.
        
        Disadvantages
        
        By interrupting longshore drift, beaches further along the coast are starved, often leading to increased rates of erosion elsewhere.
        
        The problem is shifted instead of solved
        
        Groynes look unnatural and rock groynes in particular can look unattractive.
      - Gabions
        
        Advantages
        
        Cheap to produce and flexible in the final design
        
        Up to £50,000 per 100m
        
        Can improve the drainage of the cliffs
        
        Will eventually become vegetated and merge into the landscape
        
        Wire cages filled with rocks to absorb the impact of the waves.
        
        Disadvantages
        
        For a while they look unattractive
        
        Cages only last for 5-10 years before they rust
      - Rock armour
        
        Piles of large boulders dumped at the foot of a cliff. The rocks force the waves to break and also absorb the waves' energy.
        
        Advantages
        
        Relatively cheap and easy to maintain
        
        It costs £200,000 per 100m
        
        Can provide interest to the coast
        
        Often used for fishing
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Rocks are often from other parts of the coastline or abroad
        
        Can be expensive to transport as a result
        
        Do not fit in with the local geology
        
        Can be very intrusive
  - - - Beach replenishment
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Needs constant maintenance unless structures are built to hold the beach
        
        Expensive
        
        The addition of sand or shingle onto the beach to make it wider or higher. The sediment is usually obtained offshore locally so that it blends with the existing beach material. Usually transported onshore by barge.
        
        Advantages
        
        Blends in with the existing beach
        
        Increases tourist potential by increasing the size of the beach
      - Dune regeneration
        
        Advantages
        
        Relatively cheap
        
        Costs £200-£2000 per 100m
        
        Maintains a natural coastal environment that is popular with people and wildlife
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Time-consuming to plant the marram grass and fence areas off
        
        Can be damaged by storms
        
        People may not respond well to being prohibited from accessing planted areas.
        
        Sand dunes are effective buffers to the sea but are easily damaged and destroyed by trampling. Marram grass can be planted to help stabilise dunes and help them to develop.
      - Dune fencing
        
        Fences are constructed on a sandy beach along the seaward face of existing dunes to encourage new dune formation. These new dunes help to protect the existing dunes.
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Can become unsightly, especially if the fences become broken
        
        Regular maintenance required, especially after a storm
        
        Costs £400-£2000 per 100m
        
        Advantages
        
        Minimal impact on natural systems
        
        Can control public access to protect other ecosystems
- - - - Disadvantages
        
        It is not always possible to switch land uses
      - Advantages
        
        Expensive buildings have reduced risk
    - - Disadvantages
        
        Can increase the risk of local flooding
      - Advantages
        
        Reduces the risk of a major flood downstream
        
        Looks natural
        
        Slows river flow
    - - Disadvantages
        
        Does not prevent floods
        
        People may not be able to access the warnings
        
        Floods can come too quick
      - Advantages
        
        Time to minimise damage
        
        How to prepare
        
        Possessions can be saved
    - - Advantages
        
        New habitats for animals
        
        Environmental benefits
        
        Economic benefits
      - Disadvantages
        
        Reduces farmland
  - - - Disadvantages
        
        Increases flood risk downstream
        
        Requires frequent maintenance
        
        Habitats are flooded
      - Advantages
        
        Increases the capacity of the river
        
        Increases river flow
    - - Advantages
        
        Reduces the threat of flooding
      - Disadvantages
        
        Relief channel can also flood
        
        Expensive to install
    - - Advantages
        
        Increases the capacity of the river
        
        More sustainable and looks natural - rock/mud
        
        Cheap
      - Disadvantages
        
        Looks unnatural in some cases - concrete
        
        Increases flood risk downstream
    - - Advantages
        
        Multi-purpose
        
        Recreation
        
        Irrigation
        
        Hydro-electric power generation
        
        Water supply
        
        Flood prevention
        
        Can generate power
        
        Attracts tourists
        
        Can release water slowly
      - Disadvantages
        
        Very expensive
        
        Often involves flooding large areas of land