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RUSSIA cap2, See CAP1 for Collectivisation, See CAP1 for Kronstadt Sailors…
RUSSIA cap2
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FIVE YEAR PLANS
FIRST 5YP (1928-32)
Targets set were very over-ambitious and unachievable (COAL 1927-28 = 35mil tonnes // 1932-33 target = 75)
Focus on developing heavy industry (eg. coal, steel)
AIMS: - Increase production by 300% - Increase electricity production by 600% - Double output from light industry
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No major targets met, but there were important increases due to poor co-ordination
Electicity trebeled, coal + iron doubled, steel increased by 33%
SECOND 5YP (1933-37)
Focus on light industry (chem, consumer goods, etc.) as well as heavy industry
AIMS: - Develop heavy industry - Develop light industry - Develop communications - Promote engineering and tool-making
Moscow metro - 1935 // Volga-White Sea Canal - 1937 // Dnieprostroi Dam added 4 more generators (now largest dam in Europe)
Steel trebled, coal double
Oil failed to meet demands, consumer goods did not increase
THIRD 5YP (1938-42)
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Diverting resources to rearmament meant that other industries (oil, steel, etc.) stagnated
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PROJECTS
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Moscow Metro (finished 1935) - First underground railway system in the USSR, drew in workers and specialists from across the country
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SOCIAL ASPECT
STAKHANOVITES
Named after Aleksei Stakhanov, a miner that reportedly mined 14x more coal than would be expected in a shift
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'Stakhanovites' (workers that lived up to this ideal) were given preferential treatment, though often due to falsified statistics
MANAGERS
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Had to make sure their factory was keeping up with the quotas, which often led to them falsifying statisitics
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WORKERS
Strikes, damaging machinery, leaving work early = illegal
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WOMEN
Neglected, often had to work the lowest skilled jobs
By 1935, women were 42% of the workforce
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FEBUARY REVOLUTION
EVENTS
100,000 workers strike in Petrograd + news of imminent bread rationing
20,000 workers locked out of Putliov Steel Works
90,000 workers on strike joined with marches for international womens day and people on bread lines - 240,000 on streets
200,000 workers on strike, removed tsarist statues, wore red and sang La Marseillaise
250,000 workers on strike (50% of city workforce), fatal clashes with the police/military
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Tsar ordered the military to establish control + 66,000 soldiers mutinied + 12-person Provisional Committee set up + army leadership give support to this committee + Petrograd Soviet set up
DUAL AUTHORITY
PETROGRAD SOVIET
Made up of influential elites, liberals, moderates and Kadets
Intended to be temporary, until there could be elections for a proper government
The Petrograd Soviet was pressured by soldiers and Kronstadt sailors into passing Order No. 1: - All units elect a deputy to the Soviet \ - The Duma to be supported only if the Soviet supported it \ - No honorifics \ etc.
PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT
Radical leftists, SRs, Mensheviks, and a few Bolsheviks
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Did demand: - Amnesty for political prisoners - Civil liberties - Abolition of legal discrimination - Freedom to organise trade unions and strike - Election of a Constituent Assembly
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CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION
THE TSAR
Autocratic, ruled by a singular Tsar (Nicholas II, who was very conservative, at the time)
Nicholas: shy, uninterested in intricate details of politics, over-cautious, stubborn
Opposed to the Duma, and often dissolved it when it wasn't doing what he wanted
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See CAP1 for Collectivisation
See CAP1 for Kronstadt Sailors
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