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RUSSIA cap1, The Left, The Right, NB. The Left and Right are only the left…

- - - - Intended to be temporary. Kerensky and the PG were very ineffectual and comprised of members of the bourgeoisie or old Tsarists and were therefore unpopular. The power of the Petrograd Soviet over them also mean that they had little power, and could not exact orders if they were not agreed with by the Soviet.
    - - Russia suffered heavy casualties at the hands of the Germans and anti-war feelings were very common. This was not helped by the PG, who did not want to leave the war due to debts to Britain and France
    - - The war effort had huge impacts on the economy, made money nearly useless, created inflation, food shortage, shortage of workers due to conscription, 300% rise in the cost of living
    - - Bolsheviks were very left-wing, and many workers supported this (though the SRs and more moderate leftists were more popular). Lenin's April Theses helped to establish an ideological base, and Trotsky's machinations to prepare for the revolution (eg. sending commissars to each unit garrisoned in Petrograd) helped to secure the Bolshevik success
- - - - Were heavily involved in the support of the Bolsheviks and provided some unofficial military support
      - Alongside the Red Guard they stormed the Winter Palace and took other governmental buildings
      - The Church -
    - - During the July Days (3rd-5th) 20,000 sailors rose up under Bolshevik slogans
      - Though the Bolsheviks were not part of the July Days and helped to arrest and disarm the sailors, their reputation was worsened
      - Pravda was closed and warrants were issued for key Bolshevik leaders, forcing them to flee the country
    - - In the Febuary Revolution, the sailors joined the Petrograd revolution, executed their officers
      - Pressured the Petrograd Soviet into issuing Order No.1, which put the Soviet in control of the military, made revolutionary changes to the army, allowed regiments to elect committees and send representatives to soviets
- - - - Underestimated; seen as intellectually inferior; known to be violent but dependable; General Secretary, close to Lenin when ill; minor role in 1917 Revolution; condemned in Lenin's Testament
    - - Good strategist, speechmaker, theorist; involved heavily in the Civil War and Revolution; Old Bolsheviks disliked him (was once a Menshevik); did not attempt to build power base
    - - Popular and likeable; expert on economics and agriculture; no power base; good theorist; unsuited for party in-fighting
    - - Old Bolshevik; allied w/Zinoviev; strong power base in Moscow; seen as inconsistent; underestimated Stalin
    - - Chairman of the Comintern Congresses; inconsistent; Old Bolshevik; strong power base in Leningrad; allied w/Kamenev
    - - Old Bolshevik; from a working class background; General Secretary of Red International of the Trade Unions; disliked Trotsky; supported the NEP
    - - Old Bolshevik; involved in War Communism and swapping to the NEP; supported by the Sovnarkom (Chairman); taxes on vodka = bad; not a good plotter
  - - - Stalin + Zinoviev + Kamenev = The Triumvirate
    - - Stalin + Bukharin = The Duumvirate
    - - Trotsky + Zinoviev + Kamenev = The Left Opposition
- - - - Few in number, state-run (ideal form of farming), paid a wage by the state, organised industrially
      - Faced opposition from peasants
    - - Machine Tractor Stations, set up from 1931+, provided seed and machinery to collectivised farms (only 1 MTS/40 farms by 1940)
      - By 1938 the majority of land work was being done using machines (eg. 72% of ploughing)
    - - Farms combined together (usually ~75 families) - most peasants lived in the same area and worked on the same piece of land
      - Set a 40% quota, excess profit shared across all members (1932+ Kolkhozes could sell excess grain) controlled by the Party
  - - - Procurement quotas set, propaganda war against kulaks begins
      - End of 1929 Peasants forced into collective farms
      - Red Army and OGPU ordered to execute or deport Kulaks (supposedly 4% of peasants) in order to eradicate them - aroud 15% of peasants were punished due to this, 150,000 deported
      - To avoid this some destroyed their property and livestock
      - Jan 1930 Stalin announces that 25% of farms will be collectivised that year
      - March 1930 58% of farms collectivised (seen by the party officials as too many)
      - Volounteer collectivisation returns, and by Oct 1930 collectivised farms had reduced to 20%
    - - Spring 1941 Once peasants had sown their crops forced collectivisation returned
      - 50% collectivised by 1931
      - 100% collectivised by 1941
    - - Grain procurement crisis in 1927-28; need to increase food supplies for the 5YP; ideological views were all factors
      - Focused on the Urals and Siberia, where harvests were good but grain procurement was low
      - In 1929 forced collectivisation became more and more popular in the party, Molotov began issuing directives and 25,000 workers were sent to the countryside to develop collective farms