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Vitamins: Vitamin and Mineral Excess/Deficiency - Coggle Diagram
Vitamins: Vitamin and Mineral Excess/Deficiency
fat soluable
found in high-quality forages
E
alpha tocopherol
most biologically active form of vitamin E
sources
highest content in fresh forage
decreased levels
after cutting forage
feedstuff prolonged exposure to sun and oxygen
increased duration of storage
function
cellular antioxidant
maintenance of cell membranes
arachidonic acid metabolism
immunity
neutrophil fxn
macrophage fxn
reproductive fxn
deficiency
white muscle disease
retained placenta
decreased immune fxn
mastitis
oxidized milk flavors
toxicity
rare
E has low absorption
A
beta-carotene precursor
levels decrease...
after cutting plant due to oxidation
time in storage
low levels in grain
converted to retinol in intestinal mucosal cells
cattle can absorb and store
functions
vision
growth and dev
reproduction, spermatogenesis
maintenance
skeletal tissue
epithelial tissue
antioxidant fxn
immunity
enhanced neutrophil fxn
CMI
deficiency
increased susceptibility to infection
GI problems
decreased appetite
emaciation
diarrhea
eye problems
eye inflammation
night blindness
permanent blindness
keratitis
repro problems
retained placenta
birth of dead, weak, blinded, incoordinated calves
shortened gestation period
toxicity
rare under natural feeding conditions
may see liver damage
D
precursors
in plants (D2)
in skin (D3)
converted to active form in kidneys
functions
maintain Ca and Phosphoris homestasis
stimulates active transport of Ca, Phos across gut
normal mineralization of bone matric
promotes humoral immunity
deficiency
chronic
young animals
swolen, painful joints
spontaneous fractures
bendable bones
adults
osteomalacia
lameness
fractures
decreased milk production
impaired repro performance
toxicity
calcification of
kidneys
aorta
abomasum
bronchioles
reduced
appetite
milk production
polyuria
learned from treating hypocalcemia not to give vitamin D injections anymore
routinely supplemented
decreased levels in stored forage
K
sources
green plants
rumen flora
readily meets ruminant requirements
functions
protein synthesis
blood clotting factors II, VII, IX, X
no data on toxicity
water soluable
synthesized in adequate in rumen/rumen cells
C
B
generally high levels in feedstuff and/or synthesized
true deficiencies are rare