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Cohort 3, DEAFNESS, Cullen Hodgkiss, Learning Strategy, Learning Strategy,…

- - - - Assistive Technologies
        
        Electronic Worksheet
        
        worksheets help students to line up words, equations and numbers on their assignments.
        
        Phonetic Spelling Software
        
        Variable speed recorders
        
        Allow them to listen and prerecord text
        
        Talking Calculators
        
        Build in synthesizer that reads aloud numbers
      - Accommodations & Modifications
        
        Accessible transportation to and from school
        
        Handicapped parking spaces
        
        classroom arrangement for mobility devices
        
        Have students sit close to the door/exit
        
        Access to school elevator
        
        Arrange schedule to avoid excessive walking between classes
        
        Teachers disregard tardiness
        
        Speech Therapy
      - Julie L
      - An orthopedic impairment is defined by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) as “a severe orthopedic impairment that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.” (Specialeduactionguide, 2020)
    - - JB Yoon
      - Assistive technologies
        
        TextAloud3
        
        This is a text to audio app which allows the learners to use any written texts and to be able to hear them via the app. Available on iOS.
        
        Communication board
        
        This device uses pictures, symbols and printed words for communication
        
        text Help
        
        A floating tool bar(for windows) for 7 and up, which provides tools for reading and writing.
      - Accomodations and Modifications
        
        Speech Therapy done by a specialist
        
        Substitute oral assignment with written assignment
        
        Modify grading considering the speech impairment
        
        Allow time for them to express themselves
        
        Provide copy of class notes
        
        Use as many hands on experience as possible
      - A communication disorder such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment, or a voice impairment that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.
    - - Bronwen Callahan
      - A condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects a child’s educational performance: (a) An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors. (b) An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers. (c) Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances. (d) A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression. (e) A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems. The term includes schizophrenia. The term does not apply to children who are socially maladjusted, unless it is determined that they have an emotional disturbance. (Individuals with Disabilities Educational Improvement Act, 2004)
      - Assistive Technology
        
        Motivational Technology
        
        Video Game Consoles, Hand-held devices, computers
        
        Allows for motivation, personal learning, helps with interpersonal skills because of collaborative game-play.and poessesion of hand-held technology boosting social stanging (Cumming, 2013)
        
        Stress Reducing Technology
        
        Talking Word Processors
        
        Graphic Organizers
        
        Speech Recognition Software
        
        Reduce and eliminate stresses and frustrations. Allows the student to process what is coming next and plan for it. (Parette, Crowley, Wojcik)
        
        Behavior Monitoring Technology
        
        Stop Watches
        
        Computer Monitoring Devices
        
        Hand-held Counters
        
        Palm Devices
        
        Allow students to monitor and count/keep track of multiple items at once to reduce attention split/stress. (Parette, Crowley, Wojcik)
        
        Emotional Technology
        
        Power Cards
      - Non-Technological Intervention
        
        Teaching Emotional Skills
        
        Make learning relevant. (Henley and Long, 2003)
        
        Help students establish positive peer relationships. (Henley and Long, 2003)
        
        Teach behavior management skills. (Henley and Long, 2003)
        
        Identify and deal with depression. (Henley and Long, 2003)
        
        Help students cope with stress. (Henley and Long, 2003)
        
        Creating the correct emotional environment for the students to grow and accept others.
    - - Assistive Technology
        
        Amplified Telephones
        
        Audio-Visual FM System
        
        These systems facilitate speech-reading.
        
        AudiSee: One such system where the student has a screen hooked up to a microphone and camera attached to the teacher so that the student can see the teachers face.
        
        Infra-Red (IR) Systems
        
        Invisable light beams carry sound to a receiver. These are typically used in large spaces.
        
        May be connected directly to a hearing device, aide or implant.
        
        Soundfield System
        
        Sound is transmitted from the teacher's microphone to a group of individuals.
        
        Personal FM Systems
        
        Sound is transmitted from the teachers microphone directly to an individual at a constant level.
        
        Captioning
        
        Real time Transcription
        
        Coupling accessories
        
        Connect a hearing device aide implant directly to media such as tablets and computers.
      - Accommodations & Modifications
        
        Preferential Seating
        
        Allows students proximity to the teacher to hear better and proximity to use lip reading to fill in gaps that they may miss in oral speech.
        
        Interpreter
        
        Note- taker
        
        Transcripts of Audio Materials
      - An impairment in hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.
    - - Specific learning disabilities are considered a high-incidence disability
      - The U.S. Department of Education reports that there are over 2.8 million students being served for specific learning disabilities.
      - This number of students is approximately 47.4% of all children receiving special education services.
      - Students with learning disabilities are very heterogeneous, meaning that no two students possess the identical profile of strengths and weaknesses.
        
        One student may have a deficit in just one area while another may exhibit deficits in numerous areas, yet both may be labeled as learning disabled.
        
        Psychological process deficits and information-processing problems
        
        Academic problems
        
        Disorders of attention
        
        Poor motor abilities
        
        Lack of cognitive strategies needed for efficient learning
        
        Oral language difficulties
        
        Reading difficulties
        
        Written language problems
        
        Mathematical disorders
        
        Social skill deficits
      - Teaching Strategies
        
        Teaching Strategies for Students with Perceptual Difficulties:
        
        Teaching Strategies for Students with Attention Difficulties:
        
        Teaching Strategies for Students with Memory Difficulties:
        
        Teaching Word-Analysis Skills:
        
        Teaching Reading Comprehension:
        
        Teaching Writing:
        
        Direct Instruction:
      - Assistive Technology
        
        assistive technology devices are used to accommodate the student's learning
        
        Reading:
        
        Text to Speech software
        
        OCR software applications
        
        Screen Reading software
        
        Audio Books
        
        Writing:
        
        Portable Word Processors
        
        Auditory Word Processing Software
        
        Word Prediction Programs
        
        Graphical Word Processors
        
        On-Screen Keyboards
        
        Voice Recognition Software
        
        Organizational/Outlining/Drafting Software
        
        Online Writing Support
  - - - An acquired (not congenital or degenerative) injury to the brain caused by an external force. These injuries will negatively affect multiple learning capabilities, such as cognition, language, memory, attention, reasoning, abstract thinking, judgement, problem solving, and or motor skills, and psychosocial behaviors such as physical functions, information processing, and speech. The severity of learning difficulties will vary between students.
        
        Assistive Technology
        
        Medical alert bracelet or emergency call system
        
        obtain immediate medical assistance, if necessary
        
        Special beds
        
        used in class as a reset or relaxation tool to reduce overwhelming stimuli. Can also be used to limit skin breakdown and pressure sores, or to help with improving circulation
        
        Calendar, memory notebook, or other memory aid
        
        tracking appointments, planning, and organizing
        
        Accommodations & Modifications
        
        Environmental Modifications
        
        Minimize extraneous auditory and visual stimulation
        
        avoid triggering as many stressors as able
        
        Arrange seating to allow for more space between students, select a classroom buddy
        
        Allow peer groups to assist the special needs student, allows for classroom bonding and empathetic understanding
        
        Provide small group instruction
        
        Arrange seating to allow for more space between students
        
        for easily mobility and minimizes physical contact
        
        Learning Strategies
        
        gain the student's attention before speaking
        
        utilize the child's best sensory modality
        
        work within the students proven capabilities
        
        provide frequent repetition of important tasks
        
        TBI students usually cannot handle implicit communication, direction must not be left ambiguous
        
        develop a system for maintaining organization
        
        communicate with parents and specialists to find most effective organization management techniques
      - Nick Gerg
    - - Jun Zhang
      - Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a condition of the nervous system. TS causes people to have involuntary “tics”.
        Tics are sudden twitches, movements, or sounds that people do repeatedly. People who have tics cannot stop their body from doing these things. For example, a person might keep blinking over and over again. Or, a person might make a grunting sound unwillingly and sometimes intentional cursing at its worse case.
        (https://tourette.org/about-tourette/overview/what-is-tourette/)
        What is Tourette?
        
        Accommodations and Modifications
        
        Most often, tics are mild, and treatment is not required. In all cases, it is essential to educate the individual and others in his/her life about TS and to provide appropriate supports across all settings (school, work, home). Medication treatment is not recommended nor commonly needed because of its potential danger of reverse effects.
        
        Behaviour Therapy to manage tics
        
        Habit Reversal
        
        Competing Response Training
        
        learn to do a new behaviour that cannot happen at the same time as the tic
        
        1 more item...
        
        Awareness Training
        
        Identify each tic out loud
        
        Comprehensive Behaviour Intervention for Tics (CBIT)
        
        A Therapist works with the student
        
        Understand the types of tics and understand the situation in which the tics are at their worse before giving appropriate interventions
        
        [ CBIT Training Available Here:star:]([https://tourette.org/research-medical/cbit-for-practitioners/]
        
        Parent Training
        
        helps parents understand their children's behaviour issues
        
        learn parenting skills to deal with the particular problems of their children
        
        1 more item...
        
        Learning Strategies
        
        Educate other students who come into contact with their classmates has TS to share understanding and sympathy
        
        Establish a communication journal between the parents, students and teachers to trace ST progress and develop strategies together
        
        Refer to clinical therapy or counselling support
        
        Time out, breaks -- bathroom, drinking fountain or an errand
        
        Find a specifically quiet and safe place for students of tics (ST) to release their physical tension and syndrome
        
        Make ST be aware of the socially inappropriate behaviours together
        
        Reduce the level of anxiety and stress in learning environment
        
        eg. soft and classical music; listen to recorded books; focus and concentration training -- yoga, meditation, swimming, running
        
        Slow down the pace of solving all sorts of tasks
        
        eg. give one paper or worksheet at a time instead severals ones; ask the ST students to have their finished assignments verified by a peer, a teacher and a parents if possible
        
        creating gestures or signals as reminders for ST to focus and get back to tasks
        
        Assistive Technologies
        
        Word Processors and Speech-to-Text Software
        
        helps ST with tic writing difficulties and to develop focus better
        
        recording devices
        
        helps ST retain information if their tics preventing them from notes-taking
        
        Pre-Recording Class Presentations on Video
        
        reduce tic anxiety of oral expression
        
        Reader Software Makes Reading Easier for Students with Visual Tics
        
        Eg. NaturalReader, IVONA Reader and Voice Dream Reader
        
        Productivity and Organization Tools for Students with Tourette Syndrome
        
        eg. Digital organisers, timers, calendars and spreadsheets as reminder tools for tasks; Calculators and grid paper or spreadsheets to help students stay on track for math problems.
    - - Developmental Delay is when a child does not reach his or her developmental milestones at the expected times. Delays occur in one or many areas - motor function, speech and language, cognitive, play, and social skills.
        
        Assistive Technology
        
        FM Systems
        
        help by connecting the teacher and student in an audible way with radio broadcast technology
        
        Audiobooks
        
        make reading more accessible for children who struggle to make sense of the words.
        
        Text-to-Speech Software
        
        help students to gain control of what they need to say
        
        Accommodations & Modifications
        
        Establishing visual procedures and routines
        
        Handing manipulatives, such as alphabet letter tiles, wooden blocks
        
        give children a way to express themselves and build confidence in their writing ability
        
        Engaging in frequent discussion
        
        Work at an individual desk, or sit with a capable buddy
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FauUZhQXNNo
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Zosc8dEBf8
        
        Check out this two videos for these useful assistive technology and accommondations
      - Wen Li
    - - Simultaneous hearing and visual impairments. Causes such severe communication and other developmental and educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for children with deafness or children with blindness.
      - Assistive Technologies
        
        Screen Braille Device
        
        Electro-mechanical device for displaying braille characters, usually by means of round-tipped pins raised through holes in a flat surface
        
        Assistive Listening Devices
        
        ALDs amplify sounds directly into the ear
      - Accommodation & Modifications
        
        Interpreters
        
        Tactile learning
        
        Fingerspelling: in physical contact with the individual they are communicating with
        
        Every required reading may need to be converted into large print, braille, or audiotape
        
        Time accommodations
    - - A visual impairment is defined as when a student's vision, even with correction, adversely affects the student's ability to learn in the classroom. This includes partial and full blindness.
        
        -Ryan Taylor
      - Assistive Technologies
        
        Text-to-speech learning opportunites
        
        The iPad is a great resource for students with visual impairments, as there are great text-to-speech capabilities.
        
        Large print books
        
        Braille notetakers
        
        Computer resources that change print into braille along with print braille books available
        
        Screen enlargement softwares
        
        [Tools for helping visually impaired students in the classroom]
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fi3dH_QnnWQ
      - Accommodations & Modifications
        
        More opportunities for auditory and tactile learning
        
        Teachers need to differentiate intentionally for visually impaired students to give them access to material through their other sense
        
        Need specialized instruction in:
        
        Mobility and environmental cues
        
        Communication skills
        
        Social interactions skills
        
        Leisure and recreation skills
        
        How to use assistive technologies
        
        Ensure that the classroom materials remain in consistent locations
        
        Teachers should support independent movement in the classroom, and by maintaining the organization of the classroom, visually impaired students feel more confident moving independently.
        
        Must have the same access to class materials as their sighted classmates.
    - - Fanqi Zeng
      - Multiple disabilities is a term for a person with a combination of disabilities, for instance, someone with both a sensory disability and a motor disability.
      - Assistive Technologies
        
        Adaptive Equipment to Promote Literacy
        
        allows students with multiple disabilities to participate in literacy activities, both reading and writing.
        
        IntelliTools
        
        incorporates multimedia modeling, animation, and auditory support to assist students to develop challenging concepts.
        
        IntelliKeys
        
        offer a programmable keyboard that allows students who can't use the traditional keyboard and mouse to develop literacy skills through pictures and text on a computer.
        
        Clicker5
        
        is a writing-support tool that enables student to write sentences by selecting words, phrases and pictures. You can even hear words spoken by realistic software speech before you write; and hear completed sentences spoken back to you!
        
        Smart Boards
        
        Smart Boards, interactive white boards, are a presentation system consisting of a whiteboard, computer, projector and tools. These include free web resources, commercially available software and alternative access devices for both a keyboard and a mouse. Extensive resource lists are included.
      - Accommodations
        for struggling students
        
        A team approach at the school level involving external agency/community liaison who meet on a regular basis is essential
        
        The physical arrangement of the classroom will need to best accommodate this child. Consideration of special equipment and assistive technology is essential.
        
        Ensuring that all students demonstrate respect for the multiply disabled student
        
        Early intervention is necessary as soon as the child begins school.
      - Stratagies
        
        Tap into the student’s strengths
        
        Be ready to make modifications
        
        Ask for the program supports or modifications you need to be included in the IEP.
        
        Partial participation can make the difference
        
        Learn about assistive technology (AT).
    - - Assistive Technologies
        
        Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) is a specific type of assistive technology that can benefit people with autism of all ages by promoting independence, expanding communication, and increasing social interactions.
        
        Use some online communication games to help improve social skills.
        FaceSay produces games can help ASD children/adults to better recognize behavioral and emotional cues.
        
        Speech Generating Devices
        (It's a portable that contains one or more panels or switches that when depressed will activate pre-recorded digitized or synthesized speech output.)
        
        Use some special software to learn about the life skills. Life Skills Winner allows users to score points while learning daily living tasks in an interactive setting.
      - Autism is a complex, lifelong developmental disability that typically appears during early childhood and can impact a person's social skills, communication, relationships, and self-regulation.
      - Accommodation & Modifications
        
        Provide positive reinforcement for appropriate class participation and task completion in the form of praise and possibly a point or token system.
        
        Be clear about expectations, such as writing down assignments or expectations for the child.
        
        Provide visual cues for things such as daily schedules or for staying on task.
        
        Provide the child with a seating location near the instructor
        
        Prepare the child about upcoming changes or transitions in the routine
        
        Provide the child with a plan of action for study skills related to the subject being taught.
      - By Fang Shi
    - - According to the IDEA of 2004, Intellectual Disabilities refer to a significant subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period (U.S. Department of Education, 2006)
        
        Accommodations
        
        MID
        
        Extra time for tests and exams
        
        Reduced Course Load
        
        Tutoring & Counselling
        
        Instructional accommodations such as clarification of questions on assignments; using visuals, demonstrations, and practical examples to reinforce theoretical
        concepts; introducing a variety of study strategies that will reinforce important concepts; providing structures such as outlines and advance organizers to lectures.
        
        Intellectual Disabilities
        
        Based on IDEA provisions, Intellectual Disabilities in their Mild form (MID) are considered to be high incidence disabilities. These are common in American classrooms and should be addressed differently that Intellectual Disabilities. The Ontario Ministry of Education, for example, would categorize MID with the following criteria (Lacene, 2008):
        
        MID is a category of exceptionality and identification from the Ministry of Education.
        
        The student presents an ability to profit educationally within a regular class with the aid of curricular modification and supportive services
        
        The student presents an inability to profit educationally within a regular class because of slow intellectual development
        
        The student demonstrates potential for academic learning, independent social adjustment and economic self-support.
        
        Assistive Technologies
        
        Text to Speech Software to allow students to hear instructions in the class.
        
        Use of speech to text software
        
        Use of smartphones to facilitate daily living and learning. The use of smartphones can help teachers setting visual and vibratory reminders to ID learners as well as offering visual instructions to assignments and activities (Boot, Louw, Kuo, & Chen, 2019)
        
        US Census Bureau says that there were 6.5 million civilians with ID in 2010, 3% of the total population. According to NCES, 6% of the total population of students experiencing IEPs under IDEA were students with Intellectual Disabilities.