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The Odyssey (Gods (Athena (Goddess of wisdom and battle strategy, patron…
The Odyssey
Gods
Athena
Goddess of wisdom and battle strategy, patron goddess of heros, assists Odysseus throughout his journey. Persuades Zeus to send Hermes to Calypso so she will let Odysseus go from her island (Ogygia). Helps him in other minors ways.
Poseidon
God of the sea, makes Odysseus' journey home very difficult for blinding his son, Polyphemus, on the island of Cyclops. Poseidon also despises Odysseus' pride. When Odysseus sails away from Calypso's island, Poseidon causes him to become shipwrecked.
Calypso
Daughter of a titan that rescues Odysseus after his ship and crew are shipwrecked. She keeps Odysseus captive for 7 years as her lover.
Aeolus
Keeper of winds, gives Odysseus bag of wind to sail back home to Ithaca.
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Role of Women
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Weaker Representations
Penelope has little direct choice in whether or not she can take on a suitor. Furthermore, Penelope is always crying like a baby. Most women portrayed in the novel are a distraction/temptation for Odysseus to overcome (Circe, the Sirens, Helen, Calypso, etc.).
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The Telemachy
The first four books of the Odyssey in which Telemachus journeys to search for news of his father, who has been gone for a long time.
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Narrative Structure
Dactylic hexameter, each line has six feet/dactyls and there are two short or one long syllables for each dactyl. Homer often repeats poetic phrases. This style stems from oral tradition and how the bards would tell these stories.
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Menelaus and Helen
In Sparta, the king and queen, Menelaus and Helen, are celebrating the separate marriages of their son and daughter. They happily greet Pisistratus and Telemachus, the latter of whom they soon recognize as the son of Odysseus because of the clear family resemblance.
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Xenia
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2 rules, be a good guest and be a good and respectful host
Suitors
There are many suitors who seek Penelope's hand in marriage. They are characterized as oppressive and both Telemachus and Penelope resist the suitors. Only the most prominent suitors are named.
Their treatment to a disguised Odysseus is extremely negative, leading to their eventual demise.
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Odysseus
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A faithful and dutiful husband returns home after long lost at sea and war to find his house unwelcoming, so he must take it by force.
Odysseus' Mistakes
Arrogance, Unfaithfulness, Stubbornness
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Odysseus' Family
Penelope (wife), Laertes (father), Anticleia (mother), Telemachus (son).
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Final Battle and Justice
Odysseus battles and triumphs over "the suitors" with the help of Athena's invulnerability and his loyal servants.