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BOTANY COURSE, Transport Processes (Long distance transport Phloem …

- - - - motor cell
      - guard cell
- - - - more derived progymnosperm was Archaeopteris
      - they were up to 8.4 m tall
      - they had abundant wood & secondary phloem
      - reproduction was heterosporous
      - seeds were not produced
    - - Chauleria from the Middle Devonian Period
        
        is earliest known progymnosperm species with heterospory
      - microsporangium was surrounded by layer of integument tissue
      - there was large micropyle
      - micropyle is a hole that remitted sperm cells to swim to eggs
      - pollen chamber where microspores settled
    - - contains the more progysperms
      - they varied in stature from shrubs to large trees up to 12 m tall
      - they had vascular cambium & secondary growth
      - they resembled trimerophytes in having litter webbing between branches
- - - - cycads, exact
    - - cycadeoids all extincts
    - - seed ferns, all extinct
- - - - are perennial, resisting for many for many years
      - simple leaf venation with one or two long veins
    - - tiny papery leaves occur on long shoots
      - in the axils long needles leaves are short shoots
    - - seed cones are more complex than pollen cones
    - - axillary bud & megasporophylls fused laterally
- - - - predators choice of prey- 3 factors
  - - - predator's feeding rate
      - predator's handling times
        
        functional response
- - - - Region
        
        area larger than few square km but lesser than continent
        
        ecompasses all members of many species
        
        processes of speciation & extinction are important
      - Biome
        
        large region with dominant plants influenced by climate
        
        examples- biomes of temperate grassland, tropical rainforest, temperate rain forests, deserts, & salt marsh
      - Biogeographical Region
        
        extremely large region with continent
        
        large region bounded by geological or climate barrier to migration
        
        barriers such as oceans, mountains, or deserts
      - Local
        
        small area, less than few square kilometers
- - - - studies of these webs are not able to incorporate to measure every possible relationship
      - predator-prey relationships within community
- - - - alternation of heteromorphic generation
- - - - Class Heptaticae
      - Anthocerotae
      - Class Music
- - - - leafy stems are gametophores
      - grow from apical meristem that contain prominent apical cell
      - leaves aligned in 3 rows & moss have midrib
      - no stomata on mosses leaves
    - - leptoids- cells that resemble sieve tube
      - most mosses do not have hydroids & leptoids
        
        water is conducted by capillary action
      - hydroids- innermost cortex cell
        
        conducts water
        
        conduct minerals
    - - protonema- filamentous green alga
      - protonemata are perennial & can grow extensively, producing many buds
      - growth begins when spore germinates & send out chlorophyll cell
    - - antheridia- sperm produced in microgametangia
      - archegonia- eggs occurs in megagametangia
      - gametophore produces gametangia
- - - - leafy liverworts
      - thallose liverworts
- - - - most seed plants have tap roots
      - develop from embryonic root called radicle
      - example- carrot, radish
    - - radicle dies soon after germination; root primordial at the base of radicle grow out and form the fibrous root
      - he roots that do not arise on pre-existing roots and they are not radicles are known as adventitious roots
      - most monocot and some eudicots have fibrous roots
      - example- stoloniferous and rhizomatous plants
- - - - palisade parenchyma- a layer of cells at the upper surface of most leaves
      - lower portion of leaves is spongy and aerenchyma permits CO2 to diffuse rapidly into interior part of leaf
      - ground tissue interior to epidermis
    - - edict leaf usually have one large midrib called mid vein from which lateral veins emerge into narrow vein
      - bundle sheath extension to Xylem and Phloem
      - between the palisade and spongy mesophyll is vascular tissue
      - minor veins consists of few xylem and rest of them are phloem
    - - leaf loss water through epidermis called transpiration
      - leaf stomata often sunken into epidermal cavities
      - leaf epidermis are of hairy& trichomes. they help to deflect excessive sunlight & provide shade to the leaf
    - - leaf traces- 3 or more vascular bundles
      - stipules- two small flaps at base the petiole tissue which protect the shoot apical meristem and contribute in photosynthesis
      - part of leaf, transition between the stem and lamina
- - - - consist of tracheids and trachery elements that conduct water
      - also consist of fibers. the hardness of depends on this fibers.
      - derived from fusiform initials
    - - derived from ray initials
      - ray parenchyma cells - upright cell which are connected to axial cell
      - procumbent cells- have no direct connection with axial cells
- - - - xylem rays
      - phloem rays
      - axial phloem
      - axial xylem
      - cork cambium
- - - - Magnolia type flower had all parts
        
        sepals, petals, stamens & carpals
      - they were arranged spirally
- - - - 5 - 11 petals
      - dioecious
    - - water Lilies
      - lack wood & flowers pollinated by animals
    - - woody trees
      - they have bisexuals flowers
- - - - they include most food
        
        wheat, barely, oats, rye, corn, rice
        
        8000 species
    - - the palms exhibit more diversity than most monocotyledons.
        
        include some of the largest angiospermThe palms exhibit more diversity than most monocotyledons.
    - - contains Maranta, Calathea, cana lilies, ginger
        
        flowers are bilaterally symmetry
- - - - fabids (eurosids I)
      - malvids (eurosids II)
  - - - they have sympetalous flower
      - always have few stamens; not more than number of petals
      - stamens alters with petals
  - - - includes Viscum & Phoradendron
    - - contains group of cacti, ice plant, four o' clock
- - - - no megaspores
      - no microspores
        
        Rhyniophytes
      - & are homosporous
    - - 2 types of xylem organization
        
        both had no pith that is a protostele
      - Endarch protostele
        
        protoxylem in center
        
        meta-xylem differentiates on outer edge of xylem mass
        
        cells were small & narrow
        
        meta-xylem differentiates after cells expanded after few hours or days
      - Exarch protostele
        
        protaoxylem on the edges several groups next to the phloem
        
        meta-xylem in the center of xylem mass
      - another type of stele
        
        siphonostele- pith present in center as occurs in stem of fern & seed plants
  - - - named after the principal genus Zosterophyllum
    - - inn Rebuchia sporangia occurred together on the end of specialized branches
- - - - spores germinate & produce both antheridia & archegonia
      - gametophytes are green & photosynthetic
      - sporangia arranged in cones
    - - sporangia are clustered in one group
      - microspores and megaspores give rise to distinct micro-gametophytes & mega-gametophytes
    - - single well developed vascular tissue
      - microphylls later called lycophylls
  - - - three districts homoplastic structure called leaves
      - megaphylls evolution is summarized by the telome theory
      - megophjyllaous plant form a monophyletic clade referred to as euphyllophytes
    - - roots have exarch xylem
      - have megaphylls
    - - have equal branching
        
        distinct advancement out of rhynophytes
    - - horsetail or scouring rushes
      - Equisetum only living genus
      - sporangia occur in group of 5
      - sporangiosphores arranged in compact spiral strobilus
    - - Leptosporangia iniated when single surface cells divides periclinally
      - mostly found in shady forests & lakesides
      - Eusporangium initiated when surface cells undergo periclinal division
      - perennial & herbaceous none woody
      - spores have both antheridia & archegonia
- - - - after dibiontic life cycle originated, both gametophyte & sporophyte became larger,
      - more complex & vascularized in the life cycle with alternation of isomorphic generation
- - - - existing alleles decrease in frequency & new alleles increases
    - - damaged due to several natural disasters
    - - process in which human purposefully change the allele frequency of gene pool
    - - survival of fittest
    - - purpose, intention, planning or voluntary decision making
- - - - condensed gases and dusts about 4.6 billion years ago
      - first atmosphere was replaced by second atmosphere
      - early second atmosphere was reducing atmospheres
      - due to lack of molecular oxygen & presence of powerful reducing agent
    - - one heat source was the coalescence of gas & dust from the Earth
      - volcanoes
    - - time available for the chemosynthetic origin of life had no limits
      - the ocean of that time was called dilute soup or primordial soup
      - lack of free molecular oxygen
      - containing water, salts and numerous organic compounds
- - - - carry one full haploid genome & al alleles of plant
      - wind, animal, birds contribute to distribute pollen
    - - fruits & seeds of some plant fall close to their parents
      - seeds are carried by wind, flood, stream feather of migratory birds
      - but many species have long distance dispersal mechanisms
    - - if a species produces small, mobile pieces that reproduces vegetatively
  - - - any physical, non-living features
      - allopatric or geographic speciation
        
        the original species is physically divided into 2 or more population that cannot interbreed
      - that prevents two population from exchanging genes
    - - any biological process that prevents successful gene flow
      - sympatric speciation
        
        when two group become reproductively isolated even though they grow together
      - prezygyotic isolation mechanism
        
        he prevention of pollen transfer from on e plant to another which result neither pollination nor fertilization
        
        unique characteristic in alleles, do not allow two population to interbreed
      - hybrid sterility is one of the earliest post zygotic barriers
    - - special cap of divergent speciation
        
        a species rapidly diverges into many new species over an extremely shotrt time
      - genetic drift- the gene pool can change rapidly and erratically
- - - - unaffected
      - predation
      - harmed
- - - - random distribution
      - clumped distribution
  - - - adaptive in r- sites
      - annual
      - early maturity
      - many small seeds
      - few mechanical or chemical defense
    - - adaptive in k- sites
      - perennial
      - late maturity
      - few, large seed
      - many defense
- - - - primary consumers
      - secondary consumers
      - primary producers
      - decomposers
- - - - phloem
        
        transport minerals & sugar from leaves to different part of the plant
        
        Xylem
        
        conducts water & minerals from roots to leaves
        
        Vascular bundle
    - - lies below epidermis
        
        transport of minerals to central cylinder through the root
        
        consist of thin walled parenchyma cell
    - - proctective layer
      - outermost part of stem
- - - - dead cell with highly thick cell wall
      - provide strong, rigidity and flexibility mechanical support to the plant
  - - - Thin living cell wall
      - form basic ground tissue and store food
  - - - photosynthesis can occur if chlorophyll present
      - give mechanical support to plant
      - Thick living cell wall