Replication of DNA 
Dihybrid Cross
Monohybrid Cross
Basic information
genetic mix between two individuals having homozygous genotypes or genotypes which have completely dominant or or completely recessive alleles that result in opposite phenotypes for a certain genetic traits
Genotypes
Homozygous
Phenotypes
Heterozygous
genetic code one inherits for a specific trait
physical appearance of a specific genetic trait that signals the inheritance of certain genetic codes.
a genotype carrying two dominant or two recessive alleles. One allele is inherited from the father, and the other, from the mother.
a genotype carrying one dominant and one recessive allele.
produces two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule
during DNA replication, the double stranded DNA helix separate
helicase- an enzyme that helps in unwinding of DNA strands at the begining and the synthesis of new strand
DNA polymerase synthesizes the new strands
by adding nucleotides that complement each strand
DNA Replication occur during S phase of cell cycle
After replication, each cell have double stranded DNA
Mendel's rule of segregation- an organism inherits gene factors from their parents, one from each. These factors are transmitted from generation to generation as a discrete, unchanging unit. when gametes are formed, the factors separate and are distributed as units to each gamete.
cross between two different genes that differs in two traits. the individuals in this type of cross are homozygous for a specific trait.
Self-pollination in the F1 generation plants results in offspring (F2 generation) that exhibit a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio in variations of seed color and seed shape
Independent Assortment- This law states that alleles are transmitted to offspring independently of one another. Alleles separate during meiosis, leaving each gamete with one allele for a single trait. These alleles are randomly united upon fertilization.
Mutation
Multiple Alleles
With multiple alleles for a single character, numerous types of crosses become possible
small or large change in DNA
causes
effect
some factors like chemicals, ultraviolet lights, x-rays, radiation from radioactive substances
mutagen- anything that causes mutation
nsertion mutation- caused by cutting of DNA by a enzyme and
rejoining with a foreign DNA as repair process
genetic disorder
some mutation is beneficial to bacteria
can cause cancer