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Central asia ("in Europe we are hangers-on, in Asia we would be…

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        Mosque construction banned in Orthodox areas, needed 200 males to build mosque recognised how useful the mosque could be, attempts to spread ideas and decrees of the state, concerned about civil unrest so didn't want to exacerbate the islamic populations
        Avoid annoying Ottoman Empire, in 1750 program ended, attempt to limit violence due to security domestically and internationally
        pre katherine sees this program of punishment and reward, restrain motivated by the threat of the significant muslim population. not motivated by humanitarian concerns or genuine toleration.
      - Ivan IV, 16th C Politically motivated toleration, volatile, not acceptance but correction
      - Peter the Great, Conversion needed to own land, state concerned Muslims threat if came together, loyalties with the ottoman empire. Reports Christians converting. Bans on preaching and practices of Islamviolent conversion campaigns, large increase conversion to chiristianity on paper
        1740, office (the affairs of new converts) created to oversee conversion,
        whole villages of Volga Muslims baptised at gun point
      - Elizabeth(1741-62) Carrot money, Tax and military exemption, goods, pardons for criminal acts, social advantages, e.g. marriage into Russian Families Stick Forced baptisms and violence by clergy
        Destruction of mosques 1743, 418 destroyed out of 536 in Khazan region, by 1750's 400,000 converted in vulga region, change of physical and social landscape.
    - - enlightened policies
        
        promoted free education
        patchy, centred around main towns,
        
        Foundling homes and board of public welfare, (1775), questionable impact, plague riot in 1771 lack of trust of medical profession
        
        medical colleges in Moscow and st Petersburg. 1782, 1 doctor to every 26,000 people.
        inoculated against smallpox putting her body on the line in the service of the russian empire
        
        great play write, passion for architecture, founder of the hermitage, 4000 old masters, foundation of Bolshoi, translation of european texts and reduction in censorship.
        
        In practice, was staunch defender of autocratic rule
      - religion
        
        used toleration and insentivisation to russify the crimea
        
        Nakaz 1767
        first attempt to codify non-christian members of the empire
        but it isn't law
        overhaul Russian legal code,
        Some statements highlight enlightenment thinking clearlyArticle 34/526, all citizens subject to the same lawsArtcile 123, torture bannedArticle 194 , no man guilty till chargedbut, some restate the autocratic nature of rule,article 9, sovereign in absolutearticle 250, some have to govern and some to obey
        many aren't put into practice
        1769 Catherine II charged D. I. Chicherin, the governor of Siberia, with building mosques for Central Asian (‘Bukharan’) migrants
        
        Gained large amounts of territory with Islamic presence, e.g. crimea from ottomans
        long lasting revolts, assimilation issues, rebellions, religious overtones
        
        1773 'toleration to all faiths' edict, everyone has to be a member of a religion and all religions are under the control of the state. comes after the pugachev and backer rebellion. official legal status to Islam, construction of mosques permitted
        
        1783, Empresses' Manifesto, confirmed a general shift to tolerationin this, state promised to protect the islamic peoples of crimea1795, same thing to the tartars of Poland
        
        Creation of the Orenberg Assembly which oversaw Muslim clerics and judges and acted as an appeals boards for cases decided at lower level Muslim instances
      - economic achievements
        doesn't tackle the issue of serfdom,liberal economic policies, free trade and exports and imports over 30 year period up. many more factorie
      - Enlightened absolutism
        idea of monarch became more of a servant of the state, concern for the welfare of the population, both master and servant of the people. this is known as enlightened absolutism, not consistent and generally remained authoritarian, Catherine shaped her attempt to rule
  - - - Muslim congregations settled their own religious and judicial disputes
        Enlightenment thinking suggested that each faith was treated according to its utility to the state
        creation of an official Muslim hierarchy
        basically, thinks that toleration was used to create affiliation and therefore increase the states power on its frontiers
      - Pragmatic approach argues she used toleration as bait to catch a fish and bolt islamic borderlands to Russia
      - Islamic communities had close ties to Islamic centres in Transoxiana and the middle east
    - - tolerated faiths regulated by police ordinances, therefore reinforced autocratic power , particularly in volatile areas prone to upheaval (eastern provinces bordering the steppe and towards the deserts and oases of Central Asia
        Islamic communities useful to the state if they conformed to as strict hierarchy , submitted to domestic chain of command linked to st petersburg, tsarist policy makers saw this process at work in the ottoman empire under the Sultan
        Catherine wanted to create a "well ordered european state"
      - complicated close relationship needed between the mosque and the throne
        rather than merely subordinating muslims to the empire, the Orenburg assembly created interdependence, new structures relied on tsarist police power
      - Catherine saw Islam useful to her pursuit of enlightened cameralism and a benefit to order and discipline among her subjects and therefore overrode objections from the church and other critics
      - vital to remember that the cost of repression had proved to high
      - Empire thrived on order, whilst toleration dealt a blow to the church at home, it aided the orthodox in Muslim lands and laid the foundations for future expansion
      - First Russo-Turkish war (1768-74) , broadened legal basis for toleration , allowed the building of mosques in 1773 in Kazan
        second russo turkish war 1787
        Orenburg assembly had limited ecclesiastical control, Mufti didn't have the support of local officials or his co-religionists
      - Calls Catherine's regime a "patron of Islam",
    - - Catherine was wel read, worked systematically and very hard with a small group of advisors
        rejected the idea of despotism and argued the ruler of Russia had to be absolute due to the size of the country
        murder of Peter III casts a shadow over Catherine's reign
      - Failed to improve the lives of the Serfs which is a major argument against her being an enlightened despot
      - very hard to make judgement over the enlightened policies of Catherine as it's hard to know the actual impact they had in reality ,experience suggests that practice lagged far behind theory
    - - Husband was killed by one of her favourites
      - Catherine managed the threat to monarchical power that the french revolution represented by selective application of the freedoms she had earlier promised to nobles
      - move towards regulated multiplicity
      - The Pugachev Revolt pushed Catherine to make religious pluralism a legal principle and a supported practice
        closed orthodox missions in the Volga area, encouraged the construction of mosques
      - the other side of toleration was regulation
      - fluidity of Muslim's religious leadership which fit so well with the moveable politics of nomadic life was a problem for the Russian way of life
      - The Majority of Muslim leaders accepted state authority even though their work conflicting opinions on whether Russia had formed a true "house of Islam"
      - The multiple connections created by the creation of a clergy between Practitioners, clerics and administrative and judicial authorities engaged the russian state with it's muslim subjects
    - - Her use of persuasion and political measures to gain voluntary acceptance of Russian Sovereignty , and their resultant assimilation into the body politic of the Russian state, most impressive achievements
      - between her accent to the throne and the 1773 edict of toleration of all faiths, Catherine largely followed the pattern of her predecessors, treating the Russian Muslims rather harshly and only eliminating one or two of the oppressive practices of previous years
      - 1773-85, policy became passive toleration of Islam and coexistence with the muslim leaders
      - 1785-96, Russian state attempted to radically bring Islamic leadership within the actual governmental structure
        then used this leadership to strengthen state control and influence over the central Asiatic frontier region and over the russian muslims themselves
      - Catherine's abolishment of the office of new converts in Kazan wasn't a positive piece of policy, but more of the abolishment of a negative one
      - Catherine's most creative programs were imagined up at the legislative commission of 1767-68
        invitation and election of non-russian delegates, their presentation of grievances and proposals, indicates the nationality question concerned the russian Govt