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13 Categories of Disabilities CERT 09/2020 Cohort 10, Q1: Can the student…

- - - - An inability to comprehend verbal language due to an inability to hear.
      - “with or without amplification” is significant as it indicates that a hearing aid will not provide sufficient accommodation so that the student can succeed in the classroom.
        
        without tech/ amplification depending on severity
        
        Teaching assistant
        
        peer/ buddy system
        
        I have also included in my Flowchart: (Ana Ferreira)
        One-on-one
        Small Group Interventions
        
        lip reading
        
        seating plan/ optimal class seating arrangements
        
        High tech
        
        Closed-Captioning on movies/videos
        
        assistive technology
        
        Allows for communication at a reasonable distance
        
        Alerting Devices
        
        Augmentative Devices
        Augmentative devices help hearing impaired students understand others and communicate better themselves.
        
        Assistive Listening Devices
        
        Speech-to-text devices
        
        transcript software devices
        
        1 more item...
        
        No/ Low tech
  - - - Assistive Technologies
        to Enhance Listening
        
        High Tech
        
        Infrared System
        
        uses invisible light beams to carry sound to a personal receiver
        
        Audio Induction Loop System
        
        a cable (induction loop) that circles a room or is worn around the neck and transmits sound electromagnetically
        
        Low/No Tech
        
        FM systems
        
        sound is transmitted directly from a microphone worn by a teacher or another person speaking, and transmitted via FM radio signals directly to an individual at a constant volume, regardless of the a person's distance from the FM microphone
        
        personal
        
        coupled directly to a hearing aid or cochlear implant, with sound transmitted directly to the individual
        
        sound field
        
        special speaker units are placed strategically throughout a classroom or open space (e.g. auditorium, cafeteria, etc.) to direct amplified sound to the vicinity where needed
        
        Coupling Accessories
        
        cables that plug directly from a hearing aid or cochlear implant into tablet devices or phones, or couplers which transmit sound wirelessly from hearing aids to media devices
        
        designed to overcome distance, background noise, and reverberation
        
        Assistive Technologies
        to Convey Information Visually
        
        Low/No Tech
        
        Visual Alerting Devices
        
        special alarm clocks, smoke detectors, doorbells, timers, baby monitors, and phone alerting equipment are provide typically audible information in visual or vibratory ways
        
        built-in lights
        
        vibrators
        
        adapt or connect to existing equipment
        
        Captioning
        
        assist individuals who are deaf and hard of hearing with access to the media
        
        TVs and media devices
        
        1 more item...
        
        movie theaters
        
        1 more item...
        
        High Tech
        
        Real-Time Transcription
        
        instant translation of the spoken word into English text using a stenotype machine, notebook computer, and real-time software
        
        1 more item...
        
        Communication Access Real-time Translation (CART)
        
        1 more item...
        
        C-Print
        
        1 more item...
        
        Typewell
        
        1 more item...
        
        Telecommunication
        
        texting, video chat applications for computers, smartphones, and tablets
        
        captioned telephone
        
        relay service
        
        2 more items...
  - - - The cause of multiple disabilities are as varied as the diagnosis itself. The condition may be the result of a traumatic brain injury (TBI), or a genetic disorder, or a chromosomal abnormality, or premature birth, developmental delay.
    - - adaptive technologies, such as computerized talkers or tablets. Choice boards, which allow the student to choose from a small number of pictures on a board, are another effective means of communication.
    - - standers, wheelchairs, gait trainers, and changing tables
    - - Individual Education Plan (IEP). The IEP is a guide for best supporting the student's individual needs, and must be carefully designed.
        
        map out a series of goals
        
        academic performance
        
        adaptive life skills, such as attending, basic yes/no communication, or hygiene
- - - - "For any child expected to meet the demands of particular academic tasks, such as, writing, reading, or doing mathematical calculations, problem behaviors can often be caused by antecedents (or things that precede the problem behavior) and which interfere with the task performance. Examples of antecedents include child
        and teacher expectations, goals, and objectives. They include triggers of behaviors that prompt action and constraints that shape action, indicating what is and what is not acceptable behavior."
        
        Assistive
        Technology:
        "assist students to deal with antecedents and minimize the possibility of frustrations and related inappropriate behaviors occur- ring in the areas of reading, writing, and mathematics"
        
        Reading: text to speech
        Writing: talking word processors, graphic organizers, speech recognition software
        Math: calculators
        
        Special Education Referral Process Link
      - "Classroom teachers and their students with EBD generate data for a variety of reasons. Due to the demands of their daily routine, they continually seek easier and better ways to develop data generation systems that are easy to use in their busy classroom environments."
        
        Assistive
        Technology:
        Four specific tools may be used by both teachers and students to assist them with the task of monitoring behavior during assigned classroom tasks. These include (a) stop watches, (b) hand-held counters, (c) Palm devices, and (d) computer de- vices
      - "Some of the characteristics and behaviors seen in children who have an emotional disturbance include:
        
        Hyperactivity (short attention span, impulsiveness)
        
        Aggression or self-injurious behavior (acting out, fighting)
        
        Withdrawal (not interacting socially with others, excessive fear or anxiety)
        
        Immaturity (inappropriate crying, temper tantrums, poor coping skills)
        
        Learning difficulties (academically performing below grade level)"
        
        Assistive Technology:
        
        Routine and consistent classroom management
        
        Classroom interpersonal skills lessons
        
        Fair student discipline
        
        Positive Behavioral Interventions & Supports
        
        I also identified the need for positive behavioral interventions and supports in my special ed referral process flowchart: (https://coggle.it/diagram/X32fB6vs7pLoQ8F3/t/special-education-referral-process-alexis-saari)
  - - - Intellectual Functioning
        
        learning
        
        problem solving
        
        judgement
      - Adaptive Functioning
        
        daily life tasks
        
        communication
        
        independent living
      - Assistive Technology must be catered to each individual to help them in their environment and setting. The goal is to help them reach autonomy.
        
        Low Tech
        
        Support from a parent or caregiver
        
        Can remind individual of tasks that need to be completed, how to complete those tasks, and communication with others
        
        I included teacher-parents communication.
        https://coggle.it/diagram/X4Etu5zTli8ivWSb/t/special-education-referral-process-by-takako-miura
        
        I included parent support in my flowchart
        https://coggle.it/diagram/X3_EuxiU9Bg5pgWK/t/special-education-and-procedural-safeguards-jessica-fannon/a9651908759e8f2872f5e648ab08310c26869204b0f155000c9660480926ad24
        
        Use of notes around the home
        
        To remind them when to do a task or how to do that task
        
        Get involved in group activities
        
        Being in groups can help these individuals to build their communication and social skills
        
        Special Education
        
        Children with an intellectual disability qualify for special education services
        
        High Tech
        
        Use of Smartphones (CCT - Computerized Cognitive Training)
        
        Helps / reminds individuals to start and carry out daily tasks by use of timers
        
        Includes schedule for the day of tasks that need to be completed
        
        For each task, a list of picture or verbal step-by-step instructions is included
        
        A caregiver's number preprogrammed into phone so that individuals can contact them for questions / assitance
        
        Use of Computers or Computer Software
        
        Speech notes
        
        Use of a speech to text application / computer program to assist communication
        
        Proofreading software
        
        Provides proofreading of messages or emails to others (to assist communication)
        
        Math Tools
        
        Use of programs like Math Talk in order to help perform basic math operations. Individuals can speak to the computer in order to dictate the math problem
        
        Use of timers
        
        To remind individuals of their daily tasks
        
        I also included “use of timers” on my personal flow chart (https://coggle.it/diagram/X3qKTgMZ8usORYsH/t/special-education-referral-process-by-christina-maul/65589ed7423e9b8c512b8cffb190f78551822dba84fd73a250bc8e0c13e36bad)
  - - - Assistive technologies
        
        High tech
        
        Text-to-speech
        
        Kurzweil 3000
        
        Math Dictionary for Kids
        
        Speech-to-text
        
        XpressLab
        
        Verbal dictionary
        
        Word Prediction
        
        WordQ
        
        QuickType (iOS)
        
        Predictive
        (Android)
        
        Idea
        Organizers
        
        Prezi
        
        Story Online
        
        Inspiration
        
        Mid Tech
        
        Audio recorders
        
        Mp3
        
        Calculators
        
        Concept organizers
        
        Computerized pens
        
        No tech
        
        Graphic organizers
        
        Binder clips
        
        Pencil Grips
        
        Adapted pencils
        
        Squishy balls
        
        colored highlighters
        
        Larger font
      - Dyslexia
        (reading)
      - Dysgraphia
        (writing)
      - Dyscalculia
        (math)
      - Dyspraxia
        (coordination)
  - - - Speech Impairments
        
        Articulation disorders
        
        Fluency disorders
        
        Voice disorders
      - Language Impairment
        
        Phonological disorders
        
        Morphological disorders
        
        Semantic disorders
        
        Syntactical deficits
        
        Pragmatic difficulties
      - Assistive Technology
        
        Augmentative or Alternative Communication (AAC)
        
        Low Tech: no batteries or electricity
        
        pen and paper
        
        picture boards
        
        sign language
        
        gestures
        
        High Tech: requires batteries or electricity
        
        computer software
        
        First Words: a language program that uses graphic presentations combined with synthesized speech
        
        smartphone applications
        
        keyboards
        
        Dyna Vox
        
        Liberator
        
        speech generating devices
        
        Delayed Auditory Feedback: plays the user's voice back delayed by a fraction of a second.
        
        Frequency Altered Feedback: changes the pitch at which the user hears their own voice.
- - - - 3 CATEGORIES OF IMPAIRMENTS: The characteristics of students with Orthopedic Impairments is so varied that attempting to describe them is impossible (Heward). It follows that creating a map of assistive technologies and accommodations needed is impractical. However, Orthopedic Impairments is often divided into three common categories. The needs of each student are unique and so is the accommodation or technology required.
        
        (3) MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS: Three examples
        
        Burn
        
        Fracture
        
        Amputation
        
        (2) NEUROMOTOR IMPAIRMENTS: Three examples
        
        Cerebral Palsy
        
        Spinal Cord Injury
        
        Spina Bifida
        
        (1) DEGENERATIVE DISEASES: Three examples
        
        Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
        
        Spinal Muscle Atrophy
        
        Muscular Dystrophy
      - 3 MAIN CATEGORIES OF ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY: All can be used with any impairment depending upon the unique needs of the student. Specialists should determine the best technology with teacher input. Specialists are typically Speech Language Pathologists, Occupational Therapists and Physical Therapists.
        
        #2
        Devices to access information: mostly low or high tech
        
        Speech recognition software: high tech
        
        Screen reading software: high tech
        
        Alternative Communication Devices: low or high tech
        
        Augmentative Communication Devices: low or high tech
        
        #1 Devices for positioning: no tech, low tech, or high tech
        
        Specialized Chair: no/low or high tech
        
        Specialized Desk: no/low or high tech
        
        Specialized Table: no/low or high tech
        
        CLICK! Braces/splints: no to high tech Assisting Mobility for A Muscular Dystrophy Patient with Bionic Knee Braces
        
        Specialized Cushions: usually no/low tech
        
        #3 Devices for mobility: no tech, low tech, or high tech
        
        Cane: usually no tech
        
        Walker: usually no or low tech
        
        Crutches: usually no tech
        
        Wheelchair: can be no tech to very high tech
        
        Click! on this
        High tech example:
        The Stair Climbing Wheelchair
        
        Exercise Equipment: can be no tech to high very tech
        
        Click! on this cool video! Helping Kids With Cerebral Palsy Walk with Wearable Robots
        
        Orthotics/Prosthesis: usually no tech
        
        ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY
      - PHYSICAL ACCOMMODATIONS: Modifications to the school environment usually for mobility. Defer to specialists.
        
        Elevator
        
        Stairlift
        
        Ramps & Rails
  - - - chronic
      - acute health problems
        
        asthma
        
        attention deficit disorder(ADD)or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
        
        diabetes
        
        epilepsy
        
        a heart condition
        
        hemophilia,
        
        lead poisoning
        
        leukemia
        
        nephritis
        
        rheumatic fever
        
        sickle cell anemia
        
        Tourette syndrome
      - Adversely affects a child’s educational performance
      - assistive technologies and other accommodations
        
        High Tech
        
        personal digital assistants
        
        dictating machines
        
        computer programs
        
        screen reader
        
        feeding robot
        
        Headphone
        
        smartphone with adapted task lists, schedules, calendars and audio recorder
        
        magnifying software for computer
        
        powered wheelchair
        
        Low Tech
        
        notebooks
        
        dividers
        
        Protective headgear
        
        A pressure relief cushion
        
        Ramps and handle bars
        
        Parallel bars
        
        communication board
        
        Walking stick
        
        Timer
        
        Eyeglasses, magnifier
        
        Wheelchair
  - - - Cognition, Language, Memory, Attention, Reasoning, Abstract thinking, Judgment, Problem-solving, Sensory, Perceptual, Monitor abilities, Psychosocial behaviour, Physical functions, Information Processing, Speech
        
        Academic Impact
        
        Difficulty or inability to read, write, or listed
        
        Difficulty comprehending or retaining new material; difficulty recalling old material
        
        Increased disorganization in thoughts
        
        Assistive Technology
        
        Devices to Access Information: aiding the student to access the educational material
        
        Devices for Positioning and Mobility: helping the student participate in educational activities
        
        High Tech
        
        3 more items...
        
        Devices for Memory and Organization: helping the student with memory and organization difficulties.
        
        Low Tech
        
        8 more items...
        
        Reduced social skills
        
        Shortened attention span and impulsivity
        
        https://coggle.it/diagram/X39GqhiU9DbNpT1_/t/special-education-referral-process-in-by-grace-eun-hye-kim
      - Traumatic brain injury applies to open or closed head injuries resulting in impairments in one or more areas
        
        Traumatic brain injury does not applies to brain injuries that are congenital or degenerative, or to brain injuries indicated by the birth trauma
- - - - 1.3 billion people worldwide have vision problems, with 36 million people whose eyesight cannot be restored by any means.
    - - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fi3dH_QnnWQ
        
        Reference:
        
        Janet (July 7, 2019). ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR PEOPLE WITH BLINDNESS OR VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS. https://assistivetechnologyhub.com/assistive-technology-for-blindness-or-visual-impairments/
      - No Tech
        
        Abacus
        
        Large print materials
        
        Markers for writing larger font
        
        Thick-line paper / raised-line paper
        
        acetate film over text (provides less page glare)
        
        Full page writing guides
        
        Magnifying glass
      - Mid / Low Tech
        
        Variable intensity study lamps
        
        "Nite writer" pens
        
        Light box
        
        Audio Books
        
        Headphones
      - High Tech
        
        Screen Readers
        
        Video Magnifiers
        
        Braille Printers
        
        Text-to-Speech Devices
        
        Tactile Keyboarding
        
        Portable Note Takers
      - Other Accommodations
        
        Using smells, sounds, and touch sensations to maximize engagement
        
        Place the chair closer to the board / teacher
        
        Play blindfold games to "level the playing field" for certain activities
        
        Optimize the environment in every area to allow for easier access
        
        Prep assistive materials for all or many students to avoid the VI student from feeling "different"
        
        Follow the Special Education Flow Chart here to maximize support for VI students.
        
        Evans, B. (October 12th 2020) Special Education Referral Process. https://coggle.it/diagram/X4PtawlMQ_INzTj_/t/special-education-referral-process-by-cert-9-2020-cohort-10
  - - - Assistive technologies
        
        low to no tech
        
        Simple speech-generating devices and apps, for nonverbal/minimally verbal
        
        visual representation systems- laminated drawings/pictures
        
        dry erase boards
        
        photo albums
        
        timers
        
        "Object schedule"- visual schedule of what's now, what's next, what's done
        
        activity schedules
        
        rules and behavior cards, attached to desk
        
        highlighter tape
        
        Voice Output Communication Aids
        
        high tech
        
        apps that help with daily activities, and schedules/routines
        
        tablets or apps that focus on developing language- lots of pictures to help students with making requests
        
        computers
        
        adaptive computer hardware
        
        touch screen
        
        intellikeys
        
        Big Keys
        
        Trackballs
        
        digital camera
        
        scanner
        
        National Association of Special Education Teachers. (n.d.). Assistive Technology for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Retrieved from https://www.naset.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Autism_Series/Assist_tech/AssistiveTech_for_Students_W_Autism.pdf
      - Other accommodations
        
        establish and maintain routines
        
        low-stimulation activities and learning environment
        
        prepare student in advance for any necessary changes
        
        clear communication
        
        incorporate their interests
        
        coordinate with family
        
        Burton, L. (2019). How to support a child with autism in the classroom. Retrieved October 2, 2020, from https://www.highspeedtraining.co.uk/hub/how-to-support-a-child-with-autism-in-the-classroom/
        
        providing intervention in classroom https://coggle.it/diagram/X3xRJQMZ8jAjSLdt/t/identifying-struggling-students-in-the-by-erica-heisey