Measuring Generic Variation
Recombination
Mutation : a source of genetic variation that can be neutral, deleterious, or advantage
Levels of biodiversity are genetic, species, and ecosystem
Ecosystem Services includes provisioing services, regulating services, cultural services, and supporting services
Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth, in all its forms and all its interactions.
Gene flow : we carry our genes around with us all the time so moving around has homogenousized our gene flow and allows for a homogenous effect
Population genetics is the study of genetic variation in natural population. It addresses detailed questions about genetic variation
Biological Benefits
DNA sequencing is the gold standard. for measuring genetic variation
Mutations are random so we don't predict them
Somatic Mutations: Mutatuios that can't be passed to offspring because it doesn't over within the sex cells ( mostly body cells)
Natural selection
Only isolation can cause a difference in gene flow
Ecosystem Diversity: The measure if the variety if biotic components in a region along with abiotic components
Species Diversity: The diversity in species present in a community
is being damaged because of humans. Humans are wiping to out species that are vital to the biodiversity of the ecosystem
it is the most complex and vital feature on earth
All direct and indirect benefits that humans derive from organisms and ecosystem
Diverse systems are more resilient after and resistant) to disturbances
Diverse systems have higher net primary productivity
Allele Frequencies: The proportion of specifies allele among all the alleles of a gene in a population
Genetic Diversity: The total genetic info that is in all individuals of species, population, and/or a community
Germ-line Mutations: Mutations that can be passed to offspring because it occurs within the sex cells
Dependent on interacting member organisms with the enviroment
Addition or loss of species may have consequence for the entire system
Natural selection art over generation to increase the overall fitness of a population
Brings Adaptations
Types of natural selection
Results in allele frequencies changing from generations to generation according to the allele's impact on. the survival and reproduction of individuals
Genetic Variation provides the raw material for adaptive change
Negative Selection: Natural selection that decreases the frewunevy of a deleterious allele
Stabilizing Selection: Maintains the status quo and acts against extremes
Balancing Selection: Natural selection that acts o maintain two or more alleles of a given gene in a population
Directional selection: leads to a change in trait over time
disruptive selection : operates in favor of extremes and against intermediate forms
Fitness is the measure of the ecetnet ti which an indiiuvals genotype is reperesnetd in the next generation
Sexual selection : Increases an indicuials reporductuve cases and promotes transits that increase an indicviuals access ti reproductive opportunities
Artificial Selection : Selection done intetntionally by humans; usually with a specific goal in mind
Positive Selection: Natural selection that increase the freuency of advantageous allele
Heterozgote advantage: Higher than that of either if the homozygotes
Intrasexual Selection: sexual selection between individuals of the same sex
Interexual selection: Sexual selection involving or between males and females