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Vascular Plants (without seeds), Seed Plants # # # (Division Cycadophyta:…
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Division Coniferophyta:
Conifers - perenni9al leaves. Agathis and Araucaria stay on old trunks of trees. . Pines have long shoots and short shoots. Simple cones and compuond cones.
Gnetophyta: Genetum, Ephera, and Welwitschia mirabilis. All 3 are gymnosperms with vessels in the wood.
Divison Ginkophyta: Maidenhair Tree - Ginko biloba, yo! These have their entire division of this species alone, probably cause it's ginko biloba and it rocks. But i9t was like a dicot tree, it lacks vessels and axial parenchyma, broad leaves. Short shoots like leaves, long shotos too.
Division Cycadeoiphyta: Cycadeoids - Now extince, closely related to cycads, but the megasporanium was surrounded by an integument extending out into a long micropyle.
Divison of Progymnospermophyta:
-Progymnosperms: fave rise later to conifers, cycads . Produced megaphyllous leave.
-Aneurophytales: (Aneourphyton, Protopteridium, Proteokalon, Tetraxylopteris, Triloboxylon, and Eospermatopteris)
-Archaeopteridales: a more diried progymnosperm. cause of the insides,,, (xylem bundles , etc)
-Evolutions of Seeds: The microinegument projected upward. The micropyle permitted sperm to swim to the egg.
Divison Pteridospermophyta:
Seed Ferns: The gues appeard in the Upper Devonian Period. Evbolved from aneurophytales.
Concepts: Tiny sporophytes are temporarily dependent on a tiny gametophyte for its start in life.
-Vascular cambia prdeeds evolutino of seeds.
LIgnophytes & spermatophytes.
-Gymnosperms & angiosperms.
The Microphyll Line of Evolution: Lycophytes
Morphology:
-Had larger enations (leaves called microphylls) for increased photosynthesis.
-Tree roots allowed lycophyte sporophytes to anchor and absorb better = bigger sizes.
Extant Genera: Spores that germinate and grow into bisexual gametophytes to make antheridia/archegonia.
-The Selaginella can withstand dessication, yo!!
-Isoetes; quillworts.
Heterospory: having microspores and megaspore3s whose fermination gave rise to distinct microgametophytes/megagametophytes.
Vascular Cryptograms: lacking seeds so their jreproductionj is hidden. No seeds, flowers, fruits, etc.
Concepts
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Don't forget about the Interpolation hypothesis: this postulates that a small sporphyute came into being when a zypote germintated mititically instead of meiotically.
And then this alternative theory: Transformation tnheory - postulates that after the dibiontic life cycle orginated, both gameotphyte and sporophyte became larger, more complex and vascularized, in a life cycle with an alternation of isomorphic generations.
Early Vascular Plants
Zosterophyllophjtes: Small w/ no secondary growth. Lateral sporangia, Thhick sporagioal walls, & samesize spores
Rhyniophytes
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Zylem Structure of Early Vascular Plants: Prostosele (no pith). Endarch protostele, Exarch protostele, siphonostele.
Rhynia/Aglaophyton (similar to Cooksonia) But just a tinge different.
NOTE: Lyonophyton, Sciadophyton, Horneophyton.
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Flowers & Reproduction
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Flower Structure and Cross-Pollination:
-Cross-Pollination
-Stamen & Style Maturation Times
-Stigma & Pollen Incompatibility
-Monoecious & Dioecious Species
-Animal-Pollinated Flowers
-Wind-Pollinated Flowers
-Ovary Position
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Sexual Reproduction:
-The Plant Life Cycle
-Flower Structure
-Gametophytes
-Fertilization
-Ebryo & Seed Development
-Fruit Development
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Community Ecology
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Metapopulations in Patchy Envionments
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Internal Structures
Mesophyll
Palisade Parenchyma (upper protectant, & lower for vertical leaves)
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More Leaf Types
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Foliage (Tough, thick boys)
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Insect Traps (Pichers, Sundew, Venus' Flytrap)
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Types of Margins
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Environmental & Internal Factos
Photosynthesis
Concepts
Entropy is controlled by Prokaryote, protists, fungi, plants, & andimals.
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Populations & Ecostystems # #
Structure of Populations
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r- & K- Selection
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Structure of Ecosystems
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Physiognomic Structure
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Tissues & the Primary Growth of Stems #
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Types of Cells/Tissues
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Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
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Nonvascular Plants: Mosses, Liverworts, & Hornworts
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Concepts: )
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Classification of Nonvascular Plants
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