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Pathology of Ear Disorders - Coggle Diagram
Pathology of Ear Disorders
Infections
A. Acute Otitis Media (AOM)
i. Diagnosis (Diagnostic Criteria)
Child with AOM requiring antibiotics
iii. Bacterial Causes
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
B. Otitis Externa (External Ear Infection)
i. Acute Otitis Externa
ii. Chronic Otitis Externa (>6 weeks duration)
iii. Necrotizing (Malignant) Otitis Externa
Primarily immunocompromised adults (e.g., diabetes mellitus, AIDS)
Rarely in children
Can result in cellulitis and osteomyelitis
iv. Otomycosis (Fungal infection, e.g., Candida or Aspergillus)
Non-Neoplastic Pathologies
A. Cholesterol Granulomas
Foreign body-type giant cell reaction to cholesterol clefts
B. Cholesteatoma (Not a true neoplasm, but destructive)
Cysts containing exfoliated keratin in middle ear
C. Otosclerosis
Localized bone pathology
Neoplasms
A. External Ear Tumors
i. Ceruminous Gland Tumors
Benign (rare painless mass): Ceruminous adenomas (polypoid, oxyphilic glands)
Malignant (infiltrative growth): Ceruminous adenocarcinoma (locally aggressive, perineural invasion clue)
B. Middle Ear Tumors
i. Paraganglioma (Glomus tumor/Chemodectoma)
Diagnostic Histology: Zellballen appearance (nests of small epithelioid cells)
ii. Papillary Tumors: e.g., Aggressive papillary tumor (low-grade papillary adenocarcinoma)
C. Inner Ear Tumors
i. Vestibular Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma)
Characteristics: Unilateral (common intracranial tumor), Bilateral (Neurofibromatosis type 2)
Pathology: Benign encapsulated, arising eccentrically
Histology:
Antoni A pattern (densely packed cells, fascicles)
Verocay bodies (parallel nuclear palisading with acellular zone)
Antoni B pattern (loose microcystic tissue)
ii. Lipoma of the Internal Auditory Canal
Similar to lipomas elsewhere, but may contain CN VII or VIII branches