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Module 3 · The parts of an airplane - Coggle Diagram
Module 3 · The parts of an airplane
Aircraft design and structure
Airplane
propulsion system + airframe
Airframe, 5 units
wings
control surfaces
fuselage
stabilizers
landing gear
Joined by
bolts,
screws,
welding,
rivets,
adhesives
Stress analysis
loads and stresses
A stress is the internal force that resists the load and the change of shape it causes.
A load is an external force acting on a body, such as the lift on the wings.
tension,
Tension: the force stretches the object, like pulling a rope.
compression,
Compression: the force squeezes or shortens the object, like pressing a spring.
torsion
Torsion: the forces twist the object, like wringing out a cloth.
Extension: stresses
tension: stretch
compression: squeeze
torsion: twist
shear: slide apart
bending: tension + compression
Lifting and stability surfaces
Wing position
high, mid, low
Wing shape
straight, swept, delta
Attachment
cantilever: no struts
with struts: high wing, biplane
Wing structure
skin
spars and stringers (spanwise)
ribs (chordwise)
Trailing edge
hinged: flap, aileron
Load path
skin → ribs → spars
Tail unit
fin + rudder
tailplane + elevators
Control surfaces
Longitudinal axis
nose to tail
movement: roll
surface: ailerons
Lateral axis
surface: elevators
movement: pitch
wing tip to wing tip
Vertical axis
through the center of gravity
movement: yaw
surface: rudder
Ailerons
one down, one up
lowered = more lift
Elevators
down: nose drops
up: nose rises
Rudder
swings side to side
Extension
stick: elevators, ailerons
pedals: rudder, brakes
throttle: thrust
Fuselage
Function
space for crew, passengers, cargo, equipment
passengers,
cargo,
equipment
Truss type
longerons + struts + bars
triangular framework
Monocoque
frames + bulkheads
strong metal skin
Semimonocoque
monocoque + longerons and stringers
loads spread everywhere
Frames and bulkheads
stronger at wings, tail, engine
Landing gear
Function
taxiing, takeoff, landing
supports the airplane
By surface
wheels: land
skis: snow
floats: water
skids: helicopters
Conventional
2 main wheels + tail wheel
older airplanes
Tricycle
2 main wheels + nose wheel
modern, easier to handle
Tandem
wheels in two rows
very large aircraft
Tires and brakes
pneumatic tires
hydraulic disc brakes