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ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION (CLASSES 1–5) - Coggle Diagram
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION (CLASSES 1–5)
CLASS 1 – UNDERSTANDING THE OPERATIONS
Addition
Joining two or more groups
Combining parts to find the whole
Increasing a quantity
Finding a missing addend (5 + ? = 8)
Subtraction
Taking away objects
Finding how many are left
Comparing two quantities
Finding a missing part (8 - ? = 5)
Number Understanding
Counting and comparing quantities
Numbers mainly within 20 for addition and subtraction
Seeing numbers as groups and parts
Strategies and Representations
Real objects and counters
Fingers, pictures and drawings
Counting on for addition
Counting back for subtraction
Number track or number line
Making 10 and using known number facts
Symbols and Recording
Understanding +, − and =
Writing simple number sentences
Applications
Simple joining and taking-away situations
Everyday classroom and home situations
NCERT Textbook References – Joyful Mathematics Class 1
Chapter 5 – How Many? (Single-digit addition and subtraction)
Pages 48–63
Chapter 6 – Vegetable Farm (Addition and subtraction up to 20)
Pages 64–71
CLASS 2 – BUILDING TWO-DIGIT UNDERSTANDING
Addition
Adding one-digit and two-digit numbers
Adding two two-digit numbers
Addition with and without regrouping
Understanding 10 ones make 1 ten
Subtraction
Subtracting one-digit and two-digit numbers
Subtracting two two-digit numbers
Subtraction with and without regrouping
Exchanging 1 ten for 10 ones
Place Value
Tens and ones
Composing and decomposing two-digit numbers
Understanding the value of each digit
Strategies and Representations
Objects, bundles and place-value materials
Beads or bead string
Number line jumps
Breaking numbers into tens and ones
Counting on and counting back
Relating addition and subtraction
Number Relationships
Addition-subtraction fact families
Missing numbers in number sentences
Checking subtraction using addition
Applications
Simple word problems
Money and giving change
Combining, taking away and comparing situations
NCERT Textbook Reference – Joyful Mathematics Class 2
Chapter 6 – Decoration for Festival
Two-digit addition and subtraction
Pages 50–70
CLASS 3 – DEVELOPING HUNDREDS AND REGROUPING
Addition
Adding numbers within 999
Two-digit and three-digit addition
Addition with and without regrouping
Regrouping 10 tens as 1 hundred
Subtraction
Subtracting numbers within 999
Two-digit and three-digit subtraction
Subtraction with and without regrouping
Exchanging 1 hundred for 10 tens
Exchanging 1 ten for 10 ones
Place Value
Hundreds, tens and ones
Expanded form and decomposition
Understanding the value of each digit
Strategies and Representations
Bundles and sticks
Base-ten blocks or place-value materials
Place-value chart
Number line and jumps
Breaking numbers apart
Column method connected to place value
Number Relationships
Addition and subtraction as inverse operations
Missing addend and missing number problems
Estimating and checking answers
Applications
One-step and simple two-step word problems
Money situations
Length, capacity and other measurement contexts
NCERT Textbook References – Maths Mela Class 3
Chapter 4 – Vacation with My Nani Maa
Two-digit addition and subtraction
Number line and ginladi
Pages 29–43
Chapter 12 – Give and Take
Three-digit addition and subtraction
Regrouping and money situations
Pages 150–164
CLASS 4 – WORKING WITH THOUSANDS
Addition
Adding larger numbers, including four-digit numbers
Addition with and without regrouping
Regrouping across place-value positions
Subtraction
Subtracting larger numbers, including four-digit numbers
Subtraction with and without regrouping
Exchanging across place-value positions
Subtraction involving zeros in a number
Place Value
Thousands, hundreds, tens and ones
Expanded form and decomposition
Comparing and ordering larger numbers
Strategies and Representations
Place-value chart and materials
Breaking numbers into convenient parts
Standard written method
Estimation and mental calculation
Number Relationships
Missing values in addition and subtraction
Checking with the inverse operation
Reasonableness of an answer
Applications
Multi-step word problems
Money, bills and change
Distance and measurement situations
Interpreting simple data and quantities
NCERT Textbook References – Maths Mela Class 4
Chapter 4 – Thousands Around Us
Four-digit place-value foundation
Pages 39–61
Chapter 7 – The Cleanest Village
Addition and subtraction
Regrouping, estimation and money
Pages 95–114
Chapter 10 – Elephants, Tigers, and Leopards
Larger-number addition and subtraction
Patterns and mental strategies
Pages 149–163
CLASS 5 – FLEXIBLE AND EFFICIENT CALCULATION
Addition
Adding larger numbers, including five-digit numbers
Addition with regrouping
Mental addition using place value and number relationships
Subtraction
Subtracting larger numbers, including five-digit numbers
Subtraction with regrouping and zeros
Mental subtraction using place value and number relationships
Place Value
Ten-thousands, thousands, hundreds, tens and ones
Expanded form and decomposition
Understanding the effect of adding or subtracting 10, 100 and 1,000
Strategies and Representations
Standard written method
Splitting numbers into parts
Compensation and adjustment
Counting up to find a difference
Rounding and estimation
Choosing an efficient strategy
Number Relationships
Addition and subtraction as inverse operations
Finding unknown numbers
Checking answers using the opposite operation
Identifying and extending number patterns
Applications
Multi-step word problems
Money and change
Travel, distance and measurement contexts
Interpreting data and solving everyday problems
NCERT Textbook Reference – Maths Mela Class 5
Chapter 4 – We the Travellers – II
Addition and subtraction of larger numbers
Relationship between the operations
Mental strategies and estimation
Pages 42–56
CONNECTIONS ACROSS CLASSES 1–5
Meanings of Addition
Joining
Combining parts to make a whole
Increasing
Finding a missing addend
Meanings of Subtraction
Taking away
Finding what remains
Comparing quantities
Finding a missing part
Finding the difference
Place-Value Development
Class 1 – Quantities and number relationships
Class 2 – Tens and ones
Class 3 – Hundreds, tens and ones
Class 4 – Thousands, hundreds, tens and ones
Class 5 – Ten-thousands, thousands, hundreds, tens and ones
Progression of Representation
Concrete – Objects and manipulatives
Pictorial – Drawings, diagrams and number lines
Symbolic – Number sentences and written calculations
Flexible – Mental strategies and efficient methods
Problem-Solving Process
Understand the situation and quantities
Identify what is known and what is unknown
Decide whether to add or subtract
Represent the situation using objects, diagrams or equations
Calculate and explain the strategy
Estimate and check whether the answer is reasonable
Common Misconceptions to Address
Treating addition only as counting all
Treating subtraction only as taking away
Choosing an operation only from keywords
Confusing the value of a digit with its face value
Regrouping without understanding place-value exchanges
Assuming subtraction always gives a smaller number in every context
PAGE-NUMBER NOTE
Page numbers refer to printed textbook page numbers
Not the PDF viewer page count
References are for the cited NCERT 2026–27 reprint editions
State adaptations and subsequent reprints may have different pagination
Related practice may also appear in other chapters and activities
IMPORTANT CURRICULUM NOTE
Number ranges represent a broad learning progression
They are not a claim that every state syllabus follows identical limits
The focus is on conceptual understanding before procedural fluency