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Biochemical Activation & Active Coenzyme Forms - Coggle Diagram
Biochemical Activation & Active Coenzyme Forms
Liver-Activated Energy & Redox (B₁, B₂, B₃, B₆)
Thiamine (Vitamin B₁)
Major function: α-Keto acid decarboxylation, particularly in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Active forms / Coenzymes: Thiamine diphosphate (TPP) and thiamine triphosphate (TTP)
Activation site: Liver (phosphorylation)
Riboflavin (Vitamin B₂)
Major function: Redox reactions, including those involved in the electron transport chain and TCA cycle
Active forms / Coenzymes: FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
Activation site: Liver
Niacin (Vitamin PP / B₃)
Activation site: Liver
Active forms / Coenzymes: NAD⁺ and NADP⁺
Major function: Electron transfer in oxidation–reduction reactions, particularly dehydrogenase reactions
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B₆)
Activation site: Liver
Active form / Coenzyme: Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
Major function: Amino acid metabolism, particularly transamination and decarboxylation
Metabolic & One-Carbon B-Vitamins (B₅, B₈, B₉, B₁₂)
Biotin (Vitamin B₈ / B₇)
Folic Acid (Vitamin B₉)
Cobalamin (Vitamin B₁₂)
Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B₅)
Fat-Soluble Regulatory Vitamins (Vitamin A & Vitamin D)
Vitamin A (Retinol)
Major functions: Vision, epithelial differentiation and regulation of gene expression
Active forms: Retinal (vision) and retinoic acid (gene expression)
Activation site: Intestine and liver
Vitamin D
Major functions: Calcium and phosphate homeostasis, bone mineral metabolism and regulation of gene transcription
Active form / Hormone: Calcitriol (1,25-(OH)₂-D₃)
Activation site: Sequential activation:
Liver
25-hydroxylation → 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D)
Kidneys
1α-hydroxylation
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)₂-D₃)