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CHAPTER 2A Economy ⊂ Environment, 1960s: output & energy grew faster…
CHAPTER 2A
Economy ⊂ Environment
Growth, GDP & EKC
GROWTH
MALTHUS: non-renewable stocks impose absolute ecological limits
GDP & Well-being
(Growth does not automatically mean well-being)
Structural conflict
Absorptive capacity
Externalities & Goods
Externalities & Market Failure
Externality (def + formula)
Internalizations (instruments)
Coase Theorem
GOODS
CPR vs Public Goods
Governance Timeline
Italian Constitution
Art. 9
Art. 41
International Climate Treaties
Kyoto Protocol (1997)
Paris Agreement (2015)
Global Envonmental Governance
"Silent Spring" by Rachel Carson
Environmental Protection Agency
United Nations Environment Programme UNEP in Africa
Rio Earth Summit UNCED
Climate
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Dual Strategy
MITIGATION vs ADAPTATION
Observed Impacts
Future Scenario:
intergenerational equity problem
Two frameworks (circular flows, weak vs strong)
ENVIRONMENTAL vs ECOLOGICAL Economics
Neoclassical Foundation
Standard Circular Flow
Expanded Circula Flow
Weak vs Strong Sustainability
Ecological economics priorities:
Scale (limits) → Distribution (equity) → Allocation (efficiency).
SDGs: 17 goals
Environmental functions and resources
4 Functions
Resources Types (2)
SUBSTITUTION
Thermodynamics
1st LAW
2nd LAW
“Energetic dogma” vs the “fourth law”
Production function evolution
Ecology and thresholds
RESILIENCE vs STABILITY
Holling (Population vs Ecosystem)
Common/Perrings (Variables vs Parameters)
Footprint and biodiversity
Ecological footprint
HANPP
Heterogeneity across countries
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2001–2005)
Efficiency, optimality, sustainability
Technical
vs
Economic
(Allocative) Efficiency
Optimality vs Sustainability
1960s: output & energy grew faster than population -> material consumption grew
Limits to growth due to finite stocks and ecological constraints
Ecological Economic view (3 factors)
ENVIRONMENTAL KUTZNETS CURVE
