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TITREMETRIC ANALYSIS, Acid Base Titration - Coggle Diagram

- - - - half-reactions
      - acidic solution
      - basic solution
      - balance electrons
      - Nernst Equation
        
        Redox Titration Curves
        
        pre-equivalence stage: determined by excess analyte
        
        at equivalence: complete reaction of analyte and titrant
        
        post-equivalence stage: determined by excess titrant
        
        effect of concentration on electrode potentials
        
        Standard Potential (Eo): Characteristic for each half-reaction
        
        Electrode potential (E)
- - - - Strong electrolytes
      - Ionize completely in water
      - Anion = Brønsted base
      - Anion accepts H⁺ from water
      - Produces OH⁻
      - Hydrolysis occurs
      - Example: NaOAc → Na⁺ + OAc⁻
        OAc⁻ + H₂O ⇌ HOAc + OH⁻
    - - Addition of salt → increases common ion
      - Common ion interrupts weak acid dissociation
      - Equilibrium shifts
      - Example: HCOOH ⇌ H⁺ + HCOO⁻
        HCOONa → Na⁺ + HCOO⁻
    - - Weak base salt → conjugate acid → hydrolysis → H₃O⁺
      - Ionizes completely
      - Hydrolysis occurs
      - Produces H₃O⁺
      - Example: NH₄Cl → NH₄⁺ + Cl⁻
        NH₄⁺ + H₂O ⇌ NH₃ + H₃O⁺
  - - - Weak base + conjugate acid (salt)
        Example: NH₃ + NH₄Cl
        
        NH₃ = weak base
        
        NH₄⁺ = conjugate acid
        
        NH₄Cl = salt
    - - Weak acid + conjugate base (salt)
        Example: CH₃COOH + CH₃COONa
        
        NH₃ = weak base
        
        NH₄⁺ = conjugate acid
        
        NH₄Cl = salt
    - - Weak acid:
        Ka = [H⁺][A⁻] / [HA]
      - Henderson–Hasselbalch:
        pH = pKa + log [salt]/[acid]
      - Weak base buffer:
        Ka = [NH₃][H⁺] / [NH₄⁺]
      - Ka = Kw / Kb
- - - - pH 7-9: HY3-predominates
      - pH > 10: Y4-predominates
      - Conditional Formation Constant: Kf' = Kf x α4
      - pH 3-6: H2Y2- : predominates
    - - Hexadentate ligand structure
      - Active form: Fully ionized Y4-
      - Chelon used in metal titrations
      - Tetraprotic acid (H4Y)
- - - - Each stage has different acid dissociation constant (Ka)