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Cell Biology and Organisation, Similarities Both cells are made of…

- - - - Components and Functions
        
        Chloroplasts
        
        Oval shaped
        
        Consists of two layers of membranes
        
        Contains chlorophyll pigments in the grana that give plants a green colour
        
        Function
        
        Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and converts it to chemical energy during photosynthesis
        
        Cytoplasm
        
        Consists of jelly-like medium that contains components of the suspended cells
        
        Contains organic compounds (ex. protein, lipid, and carbohydrate) and inorganic compounds (ex. potassium ions)
        
        Function
        
        Acts as a medium for biochemical reactions in cells
        
        Vacuole
        
        Liquid-filled sac, which is the cell sap
        
        A vacuole is surrounded by the tonoplast membrane
        
        Young plant cells have many small vacuoles while mature plant cells have a large vacuole
        
        Cell sap contains water, organic acids, sugars, amino acids, enzymes, mineral salts, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and metabolic by-products
        
        Function
        
        Water is absorbed into the vacuole plant cell and the cell becomes turgid
        
        In unicellular animals, the vacuole contracts during osmoregulation, osmosis and excretion
        
        Cell Wall
        
        A strong and rigid outer layer
        
        Made from cellulose fibre
        
        Fully permeable
        
        Function
        
        Maintains the shape of plant cells
        
        Provides mechanical support to plant cells
      - Differences
        
        Has a fixed shape
        
        Has a cell wall
        
        Has chloroplasts
        
        Has a large vacuole
        
        Stores carbohydrate in the form of starch
        
        Does not have a centriole
    - - Differences
        
        Does not have a fixed shape
        
        Does not have a cell wall
        
        Does not have chloroplasts
        
        No vacuole/if present, it is small
        
        Stores carbohydrate in the form of glycogen
        
        Has centrioles
      - Components and Functions
        
        Plasma Membrane
        
        Outer membrane that surrounds the entire content of cell
        
        Made of proteins and phospholipids
        
        Thin and elastic film
        
        Partially permeable
        
        Function
        
        Separates content of cell from the external enviroment
        
        Controls movements of substances into and out of the cell
        
        Allows exchanges of nutrients, respiratory gasses and waste materials between cells and their surroundings
        
        Lysosome
        
        Small spherical sac enclosed in a single membrane
        
        Contains hydrolytic enzymes
        
        Function
        
        Hydrolyses complex organic molecules such as protein, nucleic acid, and lipid
        
        Breaks down bacteria and components of damaged cells
        
        Golgi Apparatus
        
        Consists of a stack of parallel flattened sacs that are coated by a single cell membrane
        
        New membrane is added at one end of the Golgi apparatus and vesicles bud off from the other end
        
        Function
        
        Process, modifies, packs and transports chemicals such as proteins, carbohydrate, and glycoprotein (carbohydrate + protein)
        
        Nucleus (Plural: Nuclei)
        
        Largest component in the cell
        
        Spherical, compressed and enclosed in a nuclear membrane with many pores
        
        The nucleus contains chromosomes, nucleolus, and nucleoplasm
        
        Function
        
        Controls all cell activities
        
        Has chromosomes that contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA determines the cell characteristics and metabolic function
        
        Centriole
        
        Small cylindrical components that exist in pairs in animal cells
        
        Made up of complex arrangements of microtubules
        
        Does not exist in plants cells
        
        Function
        
        Forms spindle fibre during cell division in animal cells
        
        Ribosome
        
        Small, compact and spherical granules
        
        Consists of proteins and ribonucleic acid
        
        Ribosomes are present on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum or exist freely in the cytoplasm
        
        Function
        
        Site for protein synthesis
        
        Mitochondrion (Plural: Mitochondria)
        
        Rod shaped or spherical
        
        Two layers of membranes: smooth outer membrane and folded inner membrane
        
        Contains enzymes that play a role in cellular respiration
        
        Function
        
        Generates energy through glucose oxidation process during cellular respiration
        
        Energy released in the form of ATP molecules (adenosine triphosphate) to be used by the cells
        
        Endoplasmic Reticulum
        
        Consists of a system of interconnected folded flattened sacs
        
        Endoplasmic reticulum membrane is continuous with the nuclear membrane
        
        There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum
        
        Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to the surface
        
        Smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not have ribosomes
        
        Function
        
        The transport system within the cell
        
        Provides a wide surface for enzyme attachment and biochemical reactions
        
        The rough endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins synthesized by ribosomes
        
        The smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes and transports the glycerol and lipids, and carries out the detoxification of drugs and metabolic by-product