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Hardware and Operating Systems - Coggle Diagram
Hardware and Operating Systems
Computer Language and Function
When we communicate or make calculations, we use different symbols, sounds and images.
Computers use the numbers 0 and 1.
This is known as the binary system.
The smallest unit of information we can store on a computer (0 or 1) is called a bit (b), which is an abbreviation for binary
digit.
Eight bits together form a byte (B). .
ASCII
We give a code to each of the letters of the alphabet,
and to the characters computers use, so that we can
store them. These codes consist of the figures '1' and '0'.
Extended ASCII
Using extended 8-bit ASCII to represent characters
allows for 256 different characters, including special
symbols and international characters.
Computer Functions
Input:
Input of data using
peripheral devices.
Output:
Output of data using
peripheral devices.
Storing:
Storing data in the
storage devices.
Processing:
Processing data in the
central processing unit
(CPU), using the
microprocessor and the
memory.
Computer Elements
The microprocessor is an integrated circuit made up of
billions of tiny transistors working together to process the
instructions and data received from the memory.
ROM BIOS
When you turn on your computer, it automatically checks
the system. This initial check is carried out using
instructions stored in a special read-only memory: the ROM
BIOS.
If everything is correct, the BIOS starts the operating
system in the main memory, so that this system can take
control of the computer
RAM
The computer's main memory is its RAM (random access
memory).
When we run an application, its instructions and data are
copied to this memory so that the microprocessor can use
them.
Cache memory
RAM cannot work at the same speed as the
microprocessor, so a much faster memory is installed
between the RAM and the microprocessor: the cache
memory.
The cache memory stores the data that the microprocessor
uses most often.
Storage Devices
Solid-State Drives
(SSD)
Modern SSDs are the fastest
storage devices available.
They store information using
transistors acting as
switches. These switches
can be either opened or
closed.
Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
Traditional hard disks store
bits by positioning millions of
tiny magnets in two possible
orientations that represent
'0' and '1'.
To access a piece of data,
the disk spins around until
the read head is above the
area where that piece of data
is stored.
Flash Memory
Solid-state memory devices
include memory cards or
USB drives (pen drives or
memory sticks), which we
connect to the computer
through a USB-C port or
other slots.
Cloud Storage
Cloud storage allows you to
save files on remote servers
accessed through the
internet. Services like Google
Drive, OneDrive, and
Dropbox provide storage that
can be accessed from any
device.
Motherboard and Connecting Devices
Inside the computer you'll find a large board; we call it the motherboard. All the other components of the computer are
connected to it.The motherboard is like a miniature city. The different components are the buildings, and the bits travel down the streets from
block to block. The communication between these components takes place through sets of copper wires called buses.
Expansion Slots
Slots that can be used to expand or add
new components, such as a graphics
card, sound card, network card and so
on.
Storage Connectors
The SATA (serial ATA) and M.2
connectors connect the hard disk, SSD,
and optical drives to the motherboard.
Chipset
The chipset is a number of integrated
circuits designed to perform related
functions; they control the flow of bits
to and from the motherboard.
Software and Operating Systems