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PE - Sports Psychology - Coggle Diagram
PE - Sports Psychology
4.1 Characteristics of Skilful Movement & Classification of Skill
Motor Skill
Learned ability to bring about a predetermined result
Uses movement efficiently and effectively
Characteristics of a Skilful Movement
Efficient
Minimum time
Minimum effort
No wasted energy
Predetermined
Performer knows the outcome before starting
Planned movement
Coordinated
Different body parts work together
Maximum effectiveness
Fluent
Smooth flowing movement
No hesitation
Aesthetic
Controlled movement
Looks good to watch
Classification of Skills
Open Skills
Environment changes
Performer must react to external factors
Unpredictable
Examples
Rugby tackle
Football pass in a game
Hockey dribble
Closed Skills
Stable environment
Predictable
Can be planned in advance
Examples
Tennis serve
Golf putt
Gymnastics routine
Environmental Continuum
Closed ---------------------------- Open
Simple Skills
Few decisions
Little concentration
Basic movements
Examples
Sprint start
Catching a stationary ball
Complex Skills
Lots of decision making
High concentration
Many sub-routines
Examples
Volleyball spike
Triple jump
Gymnastics routine
Difficulty Continuum
Simple ---------------------------- Complex
4.2 Goal Setting
Purpose of Goal Setting
Increases motivation
Improves performance
Provides focus
Helps monitor progress
Encourages commitment to training
SMART Targets
Specific
Clear target
Measurable
Progress can be tracked
Achievable
Realistic but challenging
Recorded
Written down and monitored
Timed
Has a deadline
Benefits of Goal Setting
Maintains motivation
Improves confidence
Provides direction
Measures success
Encourages performers to train harder
Example
Improve 1500m time by 10 seconds within 8 weeks
4.3 Mental Preparation
Purpose
Prepare performer psychologically
Improve performance
Increase confidence
Reduce anxiety
Mental Rehearsal
Going through the skill in the mind
Imagining movements before performing
Benefits
Improves confidence
Improves technique
Familiarises performer with skill
Imagery
Creating mental pictures
Visualising successful performance
Benefits
Improves concentration
Improves confidence
Reduces anxiety
Familiarises performer with surroundings
Selective Attention
Focusing on relevant cues
Ignoring distractions
Examples
Ignoring crowd noise
Focusing on the ball
Benefits
Improves concentration
Reduces distractions
Positive Thinking
Positive self-talk
Self-belief
Examples
"I can do this"
Remembering previous success
Benefits
Increases confidence
Increases motivation
Controls nerves
Anxiety
Definition
Negative emotional state
Feelings of worry and nervousness
Effects on Performance
Reduced concentration
Poor decision making
More mistakes
Lower confidence
Types of Anxiety
Cognitive Anxiety
Mental symptoms
Thoughts and worries
Examples
Fear of failure
Worry about performance
Negative thoughts
Lack of confidence
Somatic Anxiety
Physical symptoms
Bodily responses
Examples
Sweating
Increased heart rate
Shaking
Butterflies in stomach
Feeling sick
Reducing Anxiety
Mental rehearsal
Imagery
Positive thinking
Selective attention
Types of Guidance & Feedback
Guidance
Definition
Information provided to help learning and improve performance
Visual Guidance
Demonstrations
Videos
Pictures
Advantages
Good for beginners
Creates mental image of skill
Easy to understand
Disadvantages
Difficult for complex skills
Mistakes may be copied
Examples
Coach demonstration
Video replay
Verbal Guidance
Spoken instructions
Advantages
Quick and easy
Useful for experienced performers
Can be given during performance
Disadvantages
Difficult for beginners
Long explanations may confuse performers
Examples
Coach instructions
Manual Guidance
Coach physically supports performer
Advantages
Builds confidence
Useful for dangerous skills
Provides physical feel of movement
Disadvantages
Performer may become dependent
Difficult with large groups
Examples
Supporting a gymnast's handstand
Mechanical Guidance
Equipment provides support
Advantages
Safe
Builds confidence
Helps beginners learn movement patterns
Disadvantages
Expensive
Performer may become dependent on equipment
Examples
Trampoline harness
Swimming float
Feedback
Definition
Information received about performance
Intrinsic Feedback
Comes from the performer
Internal feelings and sensations
Examples
Feeling off balance
Feeling clean contact with the ball
Best For
Elite performers
Advantages
Immediate
Always available
Develops independence
Disadvantages
Can be inaccurate
Difficult for beginners
Depends on experience
Extrinsic Feedback
Comes from an external source
Examples
Coach
Teacher
Video analysis
Teammates
Best For
Beginners
Advantages
More accurate
Expert advice available
Helps identify mistakes
Disadvantages
May not be immediate
Can create dependence
May not always be available
Knowledge of Results (KR)
Information about the outcome
Examples
Distance jumped
Goals scored
Race time
Best For
Beginners
Advantages
Easy to understand
Measures success
Knowledge of Performance (KP)
Information about how the skill was performed
Examples
Technique analysis
Body position feedback
Best For
Elite performers
Advantages
Improves technique
Helps long-term improvement
Positive Feedback
Highlights strengths
Reinforces successful performance
Examples
"Excellent technique"
"Great pass"
Best For
Beginners
Advantages
Builds confidence
Increases motivation
Encourages repetition of good performance
Disadvantages
May ignore weaknesses
Can lead to complacency
Less useful for correcting errors
Negative Feedback
Highlights weaknesses
Explains how to improve
Examples
"Your follow through needs improvement"
"You released the ball too early"
Best For
Elite performers
Advantages
Identifies areas for improvement
Improves technique
Helps improve performance
Disadvantages
Can lower confidence
Can reduce motivation
Can increase anxiety if overused
Choosing the Most Appropriate Feedback
Beginners
Extrinsic feedback
Positive feedback
Knowledge of Results
Elite Performers
Intrinsic feedback
Negative feedback
Knowledge of Performance