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Water-Soluble Vitamins (B-Complex & Vitamin C) - Coggle Diagram
Water-Soluble Vitamins (B-Complex & Vitamin C)
B-Complex Vitamins (Energy Metabolism, Transamination, Methyl Transfers & Hematopoiesis)
Amino Acid Metabolism, One-Carbon Transfer & Hematopoiesis: Vitamins B₆, B₉ and B₁₂
Vitamin B₁₂
Deficiency Manifestations: Macrocytic Anemia, bilateral symmetrical sensory neuropathy (paresthesia), elevated cardiovascular risk (hyperhomocysteinemia), and glossitis
Deficiency Pathogenesis: Inadequate dietary intake (strict veganism) or absent Intrinsic Factor (parietal cell failure/Biermer anemia)
Functions: Transmethylation and isomerization reactions; collaborates with B₉ via methionine synthase to convert homocysteine to methionine (regenerates THF)
Active Forms: Methylcobalamin & Deoxyadenosylcobalamin
Vitamin B₉ (Folic Acid)
Deficiency: Megaloblastic Anemia (impaired DNA synthesis/mitotic arrest), neurological symptoms, and high risk of Neural Tube Defects or abortion during pregnancy
Functions: One-carbon/methyl group transfer; purine and pyrimidine/DNA synthesis; conversion of homocysteine to methionine
Active Form: Tetrahydrofolate (H₄-folate} / THF) via intestinal folate reductase
Vitamins B₆ (Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine)
Deficiency: Periorificial seborrheic dermatitis, cheilitis, glossitis, hypochromic microcytic anemia, mood/depressive disorders, and childhood seizures
Functions: Transamination, decarboxylation of amino acids, synthesis of epinephrine/insulin, female hormonal regulation, and RBC production alongside B₉ / B₁₂
Active Form: Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP)
Energy Production & Carbohydrate Metabolism: Vitamins B₁, B₂, B₃, B₅ and B₈
Vitamins B₃ / PP (Niacin / Nicotinic Acid / Nicotinamide)
Precursor: Endogenously synthesized from Tryptophan
Active Forms: NAD⁺ & NADP⁺
Functions: Key coenzymes in redox reactions
Deficiency: Pellagra ("Rough Skin") characterized by the 3 Ds: Diarrhea, Dermatitis, and Dementia (plus glossitis, stomatitis, and photosensitive erythema)
Vitamins B₈ (Biotin / Vitamin H)
Active Form: Carboxybiotin
Functions: Coenzyme for carboxylases (CO₂ transfer) in gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis
Deficiency: Exceptionally rare
Vitamins B₅ (Pantothenic Acid)
Active Form: Coenzyme A (CoA)
Functions: Fatty acid synthesis, ketogenesis, Krebs cycle entry, and epithelial regeneration
Deficiency: Extremely rare; historically linked to Burning Feet Syndrome
Vitamin B₁ (Thiamine / Aneurin)
Active Form: Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP)
Functions: Oxidative and non-oxidative decarboxylation of α-keto acids (e.g., pyruvate), transketolase reactions, memory formation, and cardiac function. Potentiates acetylcholine
Deficiency: Beriberi (Dry: paresthesia, hypoesthesia, muscle wasting; Wet: heart failure) and general constitutional signs (fatigue, weight loss)
Vitamins B₂ (Riboflavin)
Active Forms: FMN and FAD
Functions: Prosthetic groups for oxidoreductases in the respiratory chain and energy yield
Deficiency: Mucocutaneous lesions (cheilitis, angular cheilitis, stomatitis) and photophobia
Vitamin C (Ascorbic ACID) : Antioxidant, Collagen Synthesis & Iron Absorption
Collagen Synthesis
Proline/Lysine hydroxylation for skin, cartilage, bone & vessels
Neurotransmitters & Iron
Norepinephrine synth
Lowers blood histamine
Enhances intestinal absorption of iron (Fe²⁺)
Metabolism & Protection
Protects Vitamin B₉ (Folate) and Glutathione from oxidation.
Drives hepatic carnitine synthesis for fatty acid oxidation
Antioxidant / Immune
Anti-infective defense
WBC concentration 40–60x higher
Scurvy (Severe Deficiency Spectrum)
Pathogenesis
Impaired triple-helix collagen formation due to defective proline/lysine hydroxylation
Manifestations
Connective tissue breakdown, gingival bleeding, skin lesions, edema, impaired wound healing, and systemic hemorrhage