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Gender History - Coggle Diagram

- - - - History of queer and trans people
      - Studying the past with a focus on queer and trans experience
      - Studying the past through a queer and trans lens
      - Studying the past using methods built on queer and trans perspectives
        
        E.g. queer refers to both an identity and a methodology
      - There are distinct fields within the field of queer and trans history
        
        E.g. lesbian, intersex, and gender history
      - Do they matter?
        
        A 'real world' example of historiography in action
        
        Debates surrounding LGBTQ persecution and victimhood under the Nazi regime
        
        Volbrecht case, 2022
  - - - Based on the idea that these histories had been hidden/suppressed and are being rediscovered and legitimised
      - Based on the political movement during the post-Stonewall era
        
        Advocating for rights which was challenged, invisibilised, invalidated, and illegitimized
    - - Debate within lesbian history
        
        How can couple be considered a part of lesbian history without confirmation of sex?
      - We cannot assume a historical figure's sexuality without genuine proof
        
        The risk we impose our modern understanding of and associations with queerness onto the past
    - - How do we know the extent of queer history during a time when it was so suppressed and hidden by queer people themselves?
  - - - The idea that there is a permanent identifiable set of qualities helping us recognise whether someone is queer or not without an explicit statement
      - Rictor Norton's The Myth of the Modern Homosexual, 1997
        
        Notes how to identify a gay man by his walk, dress, and mannerism
      - An essence which is unchanging throughout time
    - - Marx & Weeks
      - Aims to explain the changes in the way sexuality has been understood throughout timebases on the contextual environments
        
        E.g. marriage laws
    - - Foucault & Butler
      - Focuses on discourse and the way we create concepts using our language and assumptions
      - The idea that it is incredibly important that a concept informs the motivations, methods, and theories we use when doing queer/trans history
      - E.g. lesbian was not a word used in the past
        
        Therefore, no historical figure we may understand as a lesbian today would have identified themselves as such in the past
      - We create categories in the modern day and construct concepts to help us understand modern events
        
        Therefore, how can we apply our idea of (e.g.) a gay man onto someone in the past when such aspects may have meant something completely different in their historical context?
      - We can also not decide a past individual's' identity without them telling us
        
        E.g. one may have same-sex sex, but not identify as gay in any other aspect of their lives
  - - - E.g. given lack of written sources on someone's sexuality (due to the suppression of queerness), historians may favour oral historical research
- - - - 1989 was an important year for women's/gender history due to 2 significant journals
      - New beginnings
        
        Not just a space to write about women's history as an isolated group
        
        To integrate women's history into the general space
        
        To legitimise these ways of thinking about the past
      - A passing fad
        
        Sceptics of women's history
        
        Denys Hays
        
        HOWEVER
        
        He alerts us to a change between the time of his won history writing (60s) and 1989
    - - The study of women's history did not being in the 80s, but long before that
        
        Predominantly history-writing by women
      - given the difficulties of achieving jobs in academia for women, these works are not dominant and there are few
      - Alice Clark (1874-1934)
        
        Working Life of Women in the Seventeenth Century
      - Eileen Power (1889-1940)
    - - Second-wave feminism / women's liberation movement
        
        Right to work and wage
        
        Recognition of unpaid work in domestic spheres
        
        Reproductive autonomy
      - Post-war demographic shifts
        
        Women in the workforce
        
        Widening education for women
      - Academic interest in social history / history from below
        
        History of labour
        
        History of the family
      - Intellectual traditions
        
        Marxism
        
        Psychoanalysis
        
        Raise questions which percolate to the history of women
      - Different emphases across the Atlantic
        
        Britain
        
        Labour history
        
        Waged work
        
        USA
        
        Women's culture, networks, and institutions
        
        The family
        
        Politics
    - - Women in academic institutions are able to stabilise and institutionalise the field of women's history
      - the formation of different journals
      - Concretise effort and process by which women's history is becoming more and more cemented within the field throughout the 70s and 80s
    - - Gendered spaces
      - Women's experiences
      - History of childbirth
      - Agency
    - - Gerda Lerner
        
        Reflects more widely about normative history as a discipline
        
        'The necessity of history and the professional historian', Journal of American History 69.1 (1982), p12-13
        
        'Women have been left out of history ... because we have considered history in only male-centred terms'
        
        'We have ... asked questions of history that are inappropriate to women'
        
        'New approaches to the study of women American history, Journal of Social History 31 (1969), p53
        
        'As long as historians hold to the traditional view that only the transmission and exercise of power were worthy of their interest women were of necessity ignored'
      - Rethinking Historical Processes and Periodisation
        
        Traditional view of the Renaissance era as a period of flourishing growth and change
        
        But did women have a renaissance? Joan Kelly, 1977
        
        Sharp regulation of female sexuality
        
        Socio-economic change did not apply to women
        
        Limited access to education
        
        The defining aspect of the renaissance era
  - - - Gerda Lerner, 1977
    - - The term gender increasingly used by American feminists, 60s-80s
        
        In order to understand the distinction between biological and social constructions of men and women
      - Joan Scott, Gender and the Politics of History, 1988
        
        Sparks real attention to representation, languages, and discourses
        
        Brings women/gender into areas of history relatively untouched by history of women
        
        E.g. politics, democracy, church
        
        Opens up all historical subjects to gender analysis
      - Where older historians of women's history had tried to bring attention to women within history, incorporating gender into historical analysis means one can look at spaces where women were excluded and still subject them to gender analysis
      - Feeds into the development of queer history (one of many factors)