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ONU
HUMAN RIGHTS – UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
Adopted on 10 December 1948
International document
Fundamental rights for everyone
No discrimination based on
Race
Religion
Gender
Nationality
Main rights
Right to life and security
Freedom of speech
Right to education
Right to work
Freedom of religion
Protection against slavery
Protection against unfair punishment
Main principles
Freedom
Equality
Human dignity
UNITED NATIONS
Founded in 1945
After World War II
International intergovernmental organization
193 Member States
Main goals
International peace
Security
Human rights
International cooperation
Sustainable development
Humanitarian aid
UN STRUCTURE
General Assembly
193 Member States
One country = one vote
Discussion and representation
Security Council
15 members
5 permanent members
USA
UK
France
Russia
China
Veto power → can block important decisions
Secretariat
Daily administrative work
Secretary-General → diplomatic leader and public representative
International Court of Justice
Main judicial organ
The Hague, Netherlands
Main agencies
UNICEF → children
UNESCO → education, science and culture
FAO → food and agriculture
WFP → food assistance
LIMITATIONS OF THE UN
Veto power
One permanent member can block a decision
Great powers have more influence
No permanent army
Depends on troops from Member States
Interventions can be slow
Slow and costly decisions
193 countries
Different political interests
Historical failures
Rwanda genocide, 1994
Failure to stop serious conflicts
Imbalance of power
Unequal influence between countries
CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT – USA
1950s: racial discrimination
Southern States
Jim Crow Laws
Segregation between Black and White people
Schools, buses and public places
Voting discrimination
1954 – Supreme Court
School segregation declared unconstitutional
1955 – Rosa Parks
Refused to give up her bus seat
Arrested in Alabama
Symbol of the civil rights struggle
1955–1956 – Bus Boycott
Led by Martin Luther King Jr.
Protest against bus segregation
Segregation on buses ended in 1956
Martin Luther King Jr.
Civil rights leader
Non-violent protest
Civil disobedience
Inspired by Gandhi
1964: Nobel Peace Prize
THE TROUBLES – NORTHERN IRELAND
1968–1998
Political, religious and social conflict
Two main communities
Unionists / Protestants
Wanted to remain in the UK
Nationalists / Catholics
Faced discrimination
Wanted equality and political change
Some supported independence or union with Ireland
UN's role
No direct peacekeeping intervention
Conflict considered an internal UK issue
UK was a permanent Security Council member
Veto power prevented intervention, according to the study material
1998 – Good Friday Agreement
End of the main conflict period
Northern Ireland remained in the UK, according to the majority's wishes
Power sharing
Cross-community support for major decisions
Release of prisoners
Protection of civil rights
Dual citizenship
MAIN FUNCTIONS
OF THE UN
Peace and security
Prevent conflicts
Peacekeeping missions
Blue Helmets
Human rights
Protect fundamental rights
Equality and freedom
Sustainable development
Reduce poverty
Fight climate change
Economic and social development
Humanitarian assistance
Wars
Famines
Natural disasters
Emergency aid