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Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, K, & F) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Animal sources → Retinyl esters
      - Plant sources → β-Carotene (Provitamin A)
        
        Intestinal conversion
        
        Retinol
        
        Retinal (Vision)
        
        Retinoic acid (Gene expression, cell differentiation)
  - - - 1/ Nyctalopia: Night blindness (impaired vision in dim light).
        
        2/ Conjunctival dryness: Dryness of the conjunctiva.
        
        3/ Xerophthalmia: Abnormal dryness of the ocular surface.
        
        4/ Corneal damage: May progress to corneal ulceration and blindness.
    - - Cutaneous hyperkeratosis.
        
        Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.
        
        Growth retardation in children.
        
        Reproductive disorders.
  - - - Usually follows a very large single dose
        
        Intracranial hypertension
        
        Dizziness
        
        Nausea and vomiting
    - - Results from prolonged excessive intake
        
        Headaches
        
        Alopecia (hair loss)
        
        Skin dryness and desquamation
- - - - Synthesized in the skin following UVB exposure and obtained from animal sources
    - - Mainly obtained from plant and fungal sources
  - - - Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting and constipation
      - Musculoskeletal: Muscle weakness and bone pain
      - Renal: Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) and possible renal damage
  - - - Raises blood calcium and promotes bone mineralization
    - - Regulates muscle contractility, stimulates β-cell insulin synthesis, induces macrophage differentiation, and modulates lymphocyte proliferation
- - - - Essential cofactor for hepatic synthesis of blood coagulation factors (procoagulant and anticoagulant proteins)
    - - Regulates soft-tissue calcification, maintaining arterial elasticity and bone/tendon health
  - - - Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn: GI bleeding on days 2–3 of life; severe intracranial hemorrhage carries high mortality
        
        Chronic deficiency linked to vascular calcification and osteoporosis