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Population and Demography - Coggle Diagram
Population and Demography
Core Population Metrics
Birth Rate
Number of live births per 1,000 people per year.
Death Rate
Number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.
Total Fertility Rate
Average number of children born per woman aged 15–45.
Replacement Level
A TFR of 2.1 needed to keep population stable without migration.
Infant Mortality Rate
Deaths of infants under 1 year old per 1,000 live births.
Life Expectancy
Average number of years a person is expected to live.
Dependency Ratio
The ratio of non-working dependents (aged <15 and >65) to the working-age population (aged 15–64)
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
Stage 1: High Stationary
Stats: High birth rates, high death rates, stable/low total population.
Causes: High infant mortality, lack of contraception, need for child labor on farms, common disease, and famine.
Stage 2: Early Expanding
Stats: High birth rates, rapidly falling death rates, rapid population growth.
Causes: Advances in medical care, vaccinations, improved clean water supply, and sanitation.
Stage 3: Late Expanding
Stats: Falling birth rates, continued low death rates, slowing population growth.
Causes: Female education, access to contraception/family planning, and raising children becoming a financial expense rather than a labor asset.
Stage 4: Low Stationary
Stats: Low birth rates, low death rates, stable/stationary population.
Causes: High cost of raising children, gender equality, career opportunities, and delayed age of marriage.
Stage 5: Natural Decrease
Stats: Birth rates drop below death rates, leading to natural decrease/population decline.
Causes: Aging populations, high calorie/lifestyle health risks, extremely low TFR, and career focus.
Population Theories & Carrying Capacity
Thomas Malthus (Pessimistic View):
Perspective: Population is a threat to finite resources.
Theory: Population grows exponentially while food supply grows arithmetically.
Outcome: Exceeding carrying capacity leads to famine, war, and "Malthusian checks".
Ester Boserup (Optimistic View):
Perspective: Population growth acts as a stimulus for innovation.
Theory: Human ingenuity adapts to resource pressures.
Outcome: Technological breakthroughs expand agricultural and environmental carrying capacity.