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Essential Trace Elements (Fe, Cu, Zn, I, Se, F, Mn) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Non-Heme (Fe³⁺): Plant (~5% abs.)
        
        Modulators:
        
        (+) Vitamin C
        
        (-) Tea & Coffee
  - - - Plasma: Transferrin (~30%)
        
        Duodenum: Dcytb (Fe³⁺→Fe²⁺)
        
        DMT1 (apical)
        
        Ferroportin (basal)
        
        Hephaestin/ Ceruloplasmin (Fe²⁺→Fe³⁺)
  - - - Hemosiderin: Insoluble aggregate
        
        Ferritin (45 kDa): Rapid reserve (1/3 liver, spleen/BM, muscle)
  - - - Hemochromatosis (cirrhosis, diabetes, heart failure)
    - - Iron-deficiency anemia (hypochromic)
- - - - Portal: Albumin & Histidine
        
        Liver: ATP7B → Ceruloplasmin
        
        Storage: Metallothionein
        
        Excretion: Bile (non-reabsorbable)
  - - - Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
        
        Iron oxidation (Fe²⁺ → Fe³⁺)
        
        Elastin, bone mineralization, immunity & pigmentation
  - - - Wilson Disease (ATP7B)
- - - - Def: Goiter, cretinism
  - - - Fertility
        
        DNA/RNA & growth
        
        Wound healing
        
        T-cells/Immunity
  - - - Antioxidant
        
        Excess: Garlic breath
- - - - Collagen & bone Ca²⁺ fixation
  - - - Cofactor for ~60 enzymes
        
        Bone/cartilage regeneration