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Bonding & Properties - Coggle Diagram
Bonding & Properties
Bonding Force & Potential Energy
Repulsive Force (FR): Interaction between core electrons at close interatomic distance
Attractive Force (FA): Coulombic attraction between oppositely charged ions
Net Force Equation: FN = FA + FR
Equilibrium Spacing (ro): Distance where N = 0 and potential energy is minimized
Material Properties Correlation
Melting Temperature (Tm): Proportional to potential well depth (EO)
Modulus of Elasticity (E): Proportional to the slope of the force curve at ro
Thermal Expansion: Derived from asymmetry of the potential energy well
Primary Interatomic Bonds
Covalent Bonding
Mechanism: Electron sharing between adjacent atoms with small electronegativity difference
Directionality: Highly directional bonds
lonic Bonding
Mechanism: Electrostatic attraction between electropositive cations and electronegative anions
Directionality: Nondirectional bonding (magnitude equal in all directions)
Properties: Hard, brittle, electrically and thermally insulative
Metallic Bonding
Mechanism: Delocalized valence electron cloud ("sea of electrons") surrounding ion cores
Properties: High electrical and thermal conductivity, ductility
Secondary Bonding (Van der Waals & Hydrogen)
Physical Mechanism: Electric dipoles arising from separation of positive and negative portions
Binding Energy: Typically low, in the order of 10 kJ/mol (0.1 eV/atom)
Secondary Bonding (Van der Waals & Hydrogen)
Universal Presence: Exists between virtually all atoms or molecules
Hydrogen Bonding: Strong secondary bond between hydrogen and highly electronegative elements