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The Role of Crowding and Mass Gatherings in Escalating Disease…

- - - - Fever Prevalence 41%
      - Nasal Discharge Prevalence 37%
      - Sore Throat Prevalence 50%
      - Difficulty Breathing 16%
      - Cough Prevalence 76%
    - - Diabetes Prevalence 14%
      - Heart Disease Prevalence 14%
      - Hypertension Prevalence 22%
      - Elderly Population Age 65+
    - - Heat Related and Dehydration 8%
      - Gastrointestinal Illnesses 10%
      - Trauma and Musculoskeletal 15%
      - Other and Dermatological 7%
      - Acute Respiratory Infections 60%
  - - - Physical Exertion
      - Thermal stain
      - Sleep Fragmentation
    - - Sick Contact 26%
      - Market Vists 91%
      - Bus Transport 74%
    - - Ritual Contact: Tawaf and Jamarat
      - Communal Living
      - High Population Density
  - - - Organized Movement of Pilgrims
      - Unidirectional Pedestrian Pathways
      - Automated Environmental Cooling
    - - Mandatory Immunizations : Quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine
      - Targeted Care for Vulnerable Groups
      - Respiratory Hygiene Education
    - - Early Outbreak Detection
      - Syndromic Biosurveillance Networks
      - Mobile Diagnostic Detetction