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Viral zoonoses - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Existed before cells first appeared on earth
    - - Evolved from free-living cellular organisms
      - Became simplified over time
        
        Capsids
    - - Originated from genetic elements
      - "Escaped" from cells
  - - - Integrates multiple evolutionary patterns
      - Does not support only a single origin theory
    - - Virus-first
        
        Viral replication modules descended from primordial pre-cellular replicators
      - Restriction / Capsids
        
        Genes encoding structural proteins
      - Escape / Reduction
        
        Independently acquired capsids from host cells through evolution
  - - - Virus culture / isolation
      - Animal experimentation
      - Electron microscopy
      - Antigen detection
    - - (RT)-PCR
      - Whole genome sequencing
      - Metagenomics
      - Microarray
- - - - Contact with infected wildlife or human-human
    - - Contact with infected wildlife or human-human transmission
    - - Direct contact with the infected animal
  - - - Inhalation of aerosolized rodent droppings
    - - Exposure to contaminated poultry
    - - Rodent-contaminated food
      - Contaminated surfaces
  - - - Mosquitoes
      - Ticks
    - - Zika virus infection
      - Dengue fever
      - West Nile virus infection
- - - - Flaviviridae & Orthoflavivirus
    - - +ssRNA
    - - Culex mosquitoes
    - - Wild birds
    - - Pigs
      - Horses
      - Humans
      - End-of-the-line
  - - - Culex mosquitoes
    - - Birds
      - Symptoms being death or survival
    - - Mammals
      - Commonly asymptomatic, can be deadly although
  - - - Non-human primates → Mosquitoes → Human / Non-human primates
      - Maintainment
        
        Enzootic / Sylvatic cycle
    - - Mother-to-child
      - Sexual transmission
      - Blood transfusion
      - Symptoms
        
        Commonly asymptomatic, mild affects for others
    - - Dendritic cells → Lymph nodes → Bloodstream
- - - - Increased virulence
      - Adapting to the new host
      - Drug resistance
    - - Climate change
    - - International travel
      - Change in food preference
      - Immunocompromised
  - - - Higher mutation rates
      - 10^-6 to 10^-4 substitutions per nucleo. site per infection
    - - Lower mutation rates
      - 10^-8 to 10^-6 substitutions per nucleo. site per infection
- - - - High animal density
      - Mixed animals
        
        Cross-species transmission
      - Environmental transmission
    - - Frequent human exposure
  - - - Host entry
      - Primary replication
      - Spread through host
      - Cell & Tissue tropism
      - Host immune response
      - Secondary replication
      - Cell injury
      - Persistence
    - - Adsorption
      - Penetration
      - Uncoating
      - Transcription
      - Translation
      - Replication
      - Assembly
      - Release
- - - - ssRNA virus
    - - Paramyxoviridae & Henipavirus
    - - Pteropus species
        
        Fruit bats
    - - Bat → Pig → Humans
      - Viruses
    - - Fruit bat secretions
      - Contaminated food
  - - - Wildlife → Human → Human
    - - Filoviridae
    - - Fruit bats
    - - ssRNA virus
    - - Direct / Indirect contact with the infected
- - - - Orthomyxoviridae & Alphainfluenzavirus
    - - Segmented -RNA
    - - Wild waterfowl
    - - Avian influenza
    - - Waterfowl → Domestic birds / Other species
  - - - Wuhan, China
    - - Bats → Intermediate → Humans
- - - - Rodents
        
        Rats
        
        Mice
        
        Voles
    - - Humans
    - - Contact with rodent droppings, urine & saliva
    - - Hantaviridae & Orthohantavirus
    - - -ssRNA
      - LMS segments
        
        Large, med., small