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LEC 5 ITM - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The continuous line of authority that extends from upper levels to the lowest levels and clarifies who reports to who
        
        Responsibility: the obligation to perform
        
        Unity of Command: one boss, one direct report
        
        Authority: the right to tell people what to do and expect them to do it
    - - The number of employees who can be effectively and efficiently supervised by a manager, the width of span is affected by:
        
        Complexity of tasks
        
        Physical proximity of subordinates
        
        Similarity of tasks
        
        Standarrdization of tasks
        
        Employee characteristics
        
        Skills and abilities of the manager
    - - Centralization: decision-making is concentrated at a single point in the organization
        
        Less capable lower-level managers
        
        Simple structure
        
        Stable environment
      - Employee empowerment: increasing the decision-making authority of employess
      - Decentralization: decision-making authority of employess
        
        Capable lower-level managers
        
        Larger/ more diverse organization
        
        Complex/ uncertain environment
    - - The degree to which rules, procedures, and written documentation are used to direct and control behavior