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Intersectionality - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Foregrounding Difference
        
        1982 essay "Report from the Bahamas", June Jordan
        
        Not just about injury from the intersections built by whiteness but of layered identities complicating ideas of race, gender, and solidarity
      - Narrative 'Flood'
        
        Critical Race Theory
        
        Intersectionality is part of a tradition that insists on 'looking to the bottom' and viewing law as a story rather than a collection of objective 'facts'
        
        Part of a movement that foregrounded story-telling in order to centre black people's subjectivity and experience
      - Specify and Subject Positions
        
        Patricia Hilll Collins
        
        Black feminist standpoints that form the basis of theory
        
        Insistence of self-valuation, self-defenition, and the necessity of a black female-centred analysis
        
        Interlocking nature of oppression
        
        Redefine and explain the nature of black woman's culture
  - - - Black abolitionists (1800s)
        
        Maria Stewart
        
        Sojourner Truth
      - Louise Thompson and Claudia Jones
        
        Identify triple exploitation
        
        Workers, women, black people
      - Superexploitation
        
        Exploited not just as workers but through racialised and sexualised places in society
        
        Most revolutionary segment of US
      - Black women as revolutionary vanguard
      - US Women of Colour feminist organisation
        
        Experience
        
        Consciousness
        
        Politics
  - - - Strives to address patriarchy, capitalism, and sexism
        
        This is hard work, especially without the power resources and privileges to stand up on
    - - Intersectional Marxism
  - - - Two Indian feminists who have engages with the concept
      - Nivedita Menon
        
        Feminism is not about 'women' but understanding how gender produces binaristic categories
        
        'Woman' is not a stable category but neither are race, caste, nor class
  - - - Black women as the site or a theorising of oppression rather than pleasure
      - Lack of a defined intersectional method
      - Vague definition
      - Empirical validity
    - - For Menon, it does not. Theory needs to be located
        
        Two complexities:
        
        Theories from the global North are thought to be applicable everywhere but not theories from the South
        
        Identities were never unmarked categories in India and many other post-colonial states
        
        Always constituted through communities including caste, religious, and ethnic groups
        
        Thus, there was never a single axis framework that had to be challenges; it was always already challenged
        
        Power of international NGOs and global fora to popularise certain discourse
        
        Feminism had been co-opted by focus on 'gender' by the state and international organisations
        
        'Adding gender' through government schemes through development workload like killing programs
        
        Intersectionality within intl development contributes to gender mainstreaming, assuming women have different experiences in order to coop those into the state agenda
- - - - Describes the inadequacy of juridicial grammar to either describe or redress the traffic that, in a moment, constitutes legal injury as a black female subject
    - - General Motors Case
        
        Black women impacted by last hired - first fired policies
        
        Court did not recognise race discrimination (black men held their jobs)
        
        Court did not recognise sex discrimination (white women held their jobs)
        
        Black women formed a unique category that went unrecognised
      - Moore v Hughes Helicopter
        
        Hughes Helicopter accused of practicing race and sex discrimination to promotions and supervisory roles
        
        Court refused to acknowledge Moore's experience as a black woman as class representative - meaning that her experience as a black women did not adequately represent white female employees
        
        'Moore had never claimed before the EEOC that she was discriminated against as a female, but only as a black female ... This raised serious doubts as to Moore's ability to adequately represent white female employees' - Court logic in Moore case
        
        Thus, white women are the norm, and any other identity had to be specified
    - - Demarlginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex...
      - Mapping the Margins
  - - - Anti-discrimination doctrine requires you to claim a single issue of discrimination, but what about those who suffer multiple forms of disadvantage?
    - - Is it an 'oppression Olympics' with the intersection as the site of accumulation of injury?
      - Is it an analytic belonging to black feminism?
  - - - Challenges the idea of 'outliers'
    - - Health Determinants
        
        Hankivsky and Christeofersen (2008)
        
        Health policy naming 'gender' as a determinant of health
        
        BUT
        
        Varcoe, 2007
        
        Describes in detail the dangers of focusing exclusively on gender
        
        '[the] ... sole attention to gender carries the risk of treating all women the same ... overlooking the fluid and changing nature of gender; overlooking the ways in which economic, race, ability, geography, sexuality, and other influences shape and interest either gender; and diverting attention away from differences among women'
    - - Algorithmic Oppression
        
        Safiya Noble
        
        Intersectionality as theory and method to define algorithmic oppression
        
        Algorithms and computer codes are not value-neutral, rather they hold anti-black and misogynistic values in their implementation
        
        Crunk Feminist Collective
        
        Intersectionality in digital media
        
        Moya Bailey
        
        Misogynoir
        
        Benjamin
        
        Racism is not just an output of technologies and their unintended consequences; it is also obfuscated by the design process