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Skeletal System Evelyn Rodriguez-Chavez period 1 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System Evelyn Rodriguez-Chavez period 1
Anatomy of long bone
diaphysis
inside contains medullary cavity which contains yellow bone marrow lined by endosteum, also contains spongy bone and is lined by compact bone
Distal epiphysis/proximal epiphysis
outside is lined with articular cartilage, compact bone makes up outside and lines the inside, periosteum lines the inside, contains epiphyseal lines, separating the epiphysis from diaphysis, conatins spongy bone
Bones
Axial
Vertabrae
Thoracic-spine/back
12 vertabrae
Lumbar-lower back
5 vertebrae connecting spine to pelvis
Cervical-neck
Axis-2nd vertabrae
Atlas-1st vertebrae connects neck to skull
7 vertebrae
Sacrum- part of pelvic region
5 vertebrae fused together, base of the spine and begining of the pelvis
Ribs
Sternum-middle part of chest
False ribs- middle/lower part of ribs, 5 pairs
True ribs- upper ribs, 7 pairs
Floating ribs- very bottom part of back ribs that don't connect to front, 2 pairs
Skull-head
nasal-nose
maxilla- above the mouth
mandible-chin, jaw
zygomatic-cheeks
Frontal- forehead
parietal- top part of head
occipital- back of head
temporal- side of head
Sphenoid- lateral part of eye
Palantine- roof of mouth
Vomer- middle part of nose
inferior nasal concha- outer part of inside of nose
ethmoid- outer inner part of nose
Appendicular
Arms
Humerus- upper arm, the "funny bone"
Radius- lateral bone of forearm
Ulna- medial bone of forearm hooking to humerus
carpals- wrist
metacarpals- palm
Phalanges- fingers
Legs
femur- thigh
patella- knee
tibia- shin
fibula- lateral side of leg
talus- ankle
calcaneal- heel
tarsals- ankle region
metatarsals- sole of foot
Phalanges-toes
Pelvis
coxal- pelvis
coccyx- bottom of pelvis
Pectoral Griddle
Scapula- shoulder blade
Clavicle- collarbone
Male & Female differences
Male: pelvis
thinner pelvis, smaller pubic angle, smaller inlet and outlet, longer coccyx
Female: pelvis
wider pelvis, wider pubic angle, larger inlet and outlet, shorter coccyx
Bone fracture repair
fracture repair initiates with hematoma forming, this is blood clotting around the fracture and then after the fibrocartiligenous callus is made after the debris is cleared so the bone reconstruction can start, then bony callus is formed and the new bone finishes with bone remodeling
Bone remodeling
Uses bone deposits with osteoclasts to break down old matrix into grooves and then bone resorption uses osteoblasts to create and lay down new matrix
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
osteoblasts
bone-forming cells that secrete unminerized bone matrix called osteoid: made up of collagen and calcium binding proteins, collagen makes up 90% of bone protein
osteocytes
mature bone cells in lacunae that dont divide anymore, maintain matrix and act as stress or strain sensors, responds to stimuli, communicates info to osteoblasts and osteoclasts so bone remodeling can occur
Osteogenic cells
osteoprogenitor cells are mitotically active stem cells in membranes, when they are simulated, they change into osteablasts or bone lining cells
osteoclasts
very big multinucleate cells that function in bone resorption, when these cells are active they are in depressions that are resorption bays and those have ruffed borders that increase surface area for the enzyme degeneration of the bone
bone-lining cells
flat cells on bone surfaces that help maintain matrix
Disorders/Diseases
Pagets disease
excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption causes bone to grow fast and develop poorly
Rickets
poorly mineralized bones in children, resulting in bowed legs and other deformities
Osteogenesis imperfecta
genetic disorder that causes brittle bone
Osteoporosis
group of diseases making bone resorption to exceed deposit
Osteoarthritis
protective cartilage wears down at ends of bones
Osteomalacia
poor;y mineralized bones making them soft and weak
Osteosarcoma
malignant bone tumor
Osteomyelitis
bone infection
Types of bones
Irregular- unique type of bones: vertabrae, pelvis
Flat- thin bones: skull bones, ribs
Long- longer than wide: humerus, femur
Short- cube-like bones: sesamoid bones within tendons
Joints
synovial
almost all limb joints, highly movable, bones separated by synovial fluid cavity, all diarthratic, ex: ball and socket joint
Cartiligenous
not very movable joints that are bones united by cartilage and have no joint cavity, ex: Epiphyseal growth plates
Fibrous
immovable joints that are bones joined by dense fibrous CT and have no joint cavity, ex: sutures
movements from synovial joints
Angular
increase in angle or decrease between 2 bones moving along the sagittal plane
Rotation
turning the bone around circularily on its own axis
Gliding
flat bone surface slips over another similar surface
Specific special movements
Supination/pronation
palm facing up or down
elevation/depression
highering and lowering mandible
opposition
movement of the thumb
protraction/retraction
making the mandible go forward or go back
Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
pointing foot up or pointing it down
circumduction
circular movement in cone shape while other side stays the same
inversion/eversion
facing foot medially or laterally