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Kaitley Lopez P.1 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Kaitley Lopez P.1 Skeletal System
Joints (and examples of each type)
Fibrous Joints (No cavity; dense fibrous tissue; mostly immovable):
Sutures: Skull bones (synarthrotic/immovable).
Syndesmoses: Inferior tibiofibular joint / interosseous membrane (variable movement)
Gomphoses: Teeth in alveolar sockets via periodontal ligament (immovable).
Cartilaginous Joints (No cavity; united by cartilage):
Synchondroses: Epiphyseal plates, 1st rib to manubrium via hyaline cartilage (immovable).
Symphyses: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis via fibrocartilage pad (slightly movable).
Synovial Joints (Fluid-filled cavity; diarthrotic/freely movable):
Features: Articular cartilage, joint capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels (plus bursae, tendon sheaths, and menisci).
Six Types:
Plane: Nonaxial, flat surfaces (intercarpal/intertarsal joints).
Hinge: Uniaxial, cylinder in trough (elbow, interphalangeal joints).
Pivot: Uniaxial, ring/sleeve rotation (proximal radioulnar, atlantoaxial joints).
Condylar: Biaxial, oval articular surface in cup (knuckle joints, wrist).
Saddle: Biaxial, interlocking concave/convex surfaces (thumb carpometacarpal joint)
Ball-and-Socket: Multiaxial, spherical head in cup (shoulder, hip joints).
Bone remodeling
Bone Resorption (Osteoclasts):
Osteoclasts secrete lysosomal enzymes (to digest organic matrix) and protons to create acidic conditions that dissolve calcium salts into soluble forms.
Bone Deposit (Osteoblasts):
Osteoblasts secrete unmineralized osteoid matrix (collagen and proteins), which subsequently hardens via calcium salt mineralization.
Postnatal Growth Mechanisms:
Interstitial (Longitudinal) Growth: Long bones lengthen at the epiphyseal plate via 5 zones (Resting -> Proliferation -> Hypertrophic -> Calcification -> Ossification).
Appositional Growth: Bones increase in width/thickness through periosteal matrix deposit and endosteal resorption.
Types of bones (and examples of each
Long Bones: Longer than they are wide; feature a shaft and expanded ends.
Examples: Femur, humerus, phalanges.
Short Bones: Roughly cube-shaped; contain mostly spongy bone.
Examples: Carpals (wrist) and tarsals (ankle).
Flat Bones: Thin, flattened, and usually curved; provide protection and large muscle attachment sites.
Examples: Skull bones, sternum, scapula.
Irregular Bones: Complex shapes that do not fit other categories.
Examples: Vertebrae and coxal (hip) bones.
Names of all the bones (anatomy term and common term/definition)
Head & Face Bones
Frontal Bone
Common Term: Forehead
Definition: Forms the front roof of the skull and the top ridge of the eye sockets.
Parietal Bones
Common Term: Upper sides / Top of the head
Definition: Paired bones that form the main roof and side walls of the cranial vault.
Temporal Bones
Common Term: Temples / Ear region
Definition: Paired bones on the lower sides of the skull that house ear structures and articulate with the jaw.
Occipital Bone
Common Term: Back of the head / Base of skull
Definition: Forms the back and bottom of the skull, featuring a large opening (foramen magnum) for the spinal cord.
Sphenoid Bone
Common Term: Keystone bone / "Bat-shaped" bone
Definition: A central interior skull bone that connects to and locks all other cranial bones together.
Ethmoid Bone
Common Term: Upper nasal roof / Eye orbit wall
Definition: Delicate, spongy bone located between the eyes that forms part of the nasal cavity roof and eye sockets.
Nasal Bones
Common Term: Bridge of the nose
Definition: Small rectangular bones that form the hard upper ridge of the nose.
Lacrimal Bones
Common Term: Tear duct bones
Definition: Tiny, fingernail-sized bones in the inner corner of the eye sockets that route tear drainage.
Zygomatic Bones
Common Term: Cheekbones
Definition: Prominent facial bones forming the cheeks and outer rim of the eye orbits.
Maxilla
Common Term: Upper jaw
Definition: Central upper facial bone that anchors the upper teeth and forms the floor of the nose and eye sockets.
Vomer Bone
Common Term: Lower nasal divider
Definition: A thin, blade-like bone forming the lower portion of the nasal septum inside the nose.
Mandible
Common Term: Lower jaw bone
Definition: The largest, strongest facial bone; the only movable bone of the skull, anchoring the lower teeth.
2 Spine, Shoulders & Chest
Cervical Vertebrae
Common Term: Neck bones (C1-C7)
Definition: The 7 uppermost spinal bones that support the head and allow neck movement.
Atlas (C1: Common Term: Top neck joint / Skull seat — Definition: The first neck vertebra that holds up the head and lets you nod "yes."
Axis (C2): Common Term: Pivot neck joint — Definition: The second neck vertebra with a central peg (dens) that lets you shake your head "no."
Thoracic Vertebrae
Common Term: Upper / Mid-back bones (T1-T12)
Definition: The 12 middle spinal bones that articulate directly with the ribs.
Lumbar Vertebrae
Common Term: Lower back bones (L1-L5)
Definition: The 5 large, thick spinal bones designed to bear the body's central weight.
Sacrum
Common Term: Tailbone base / Back of pelvis
Definition: A wedge-shaped bone formed by 5 fused vertebrae that connects the spine to the hip bones.
Coccyx
Common Term: Tailbone
Definition: The small, pointed terminal end of the spine formed by 3–5 fused tiny vertebrae.
Scapula
Common Term: Shoulder blade
Definition: A flat, triangular bone on the upper back that connects the arm to the trunk.
Arms & Hands
Humerus
Common Term: Upper arm bone
Definition: The long bone running from the shoulder joint down to the elbow.
Radius
Common Term: Outer forearm bone (thumb side)
Definition: The lateral forearm bone that rotates around the ulna to turn the palm up and down.
Ulna
Common Term: Inner forearm bone (pinky side)
Definition: The medial forearm bone that forms the point of the elbow (olecranon).
Carpals
Common Term: Wrist bones
Definition: Eight small, short bones arranged in two rows that give flexibility to the wrist.
Metacarpals
Common Term: Palm / Hand bones
Definition: Five miniature long bones running through the palm connecting the wrist to the fingers.
Phalanges (Upper)
Common Term: Finger bones
Definition: Fourteen individual bones (proximal, middle, distal) making up the thumb and fingers.
4. Pelvis & Hip Joint
Coxal Bone
Common Term: Hip bone
Definition: The large compound pelvic bone formed by the fusion of three distinct bones:
Ilium: Common Term: Upper hip wing / Hip bone ridge Definition: The large, flaring upper portion of the hip bone.
Ischium: Common Term: Sit bone — Definition: The heavy, rounded lower back portion of the hip bone you sit on.
Pubis: Common Term: Front pubic bone — Definition: The lower front portion of the hip bone that joins at the front midline.
Pubic Symphysis
Common Term: Front hip joint / Pubic pad
Definition: A slightly movable fibrocartilage joint connecting the left and right pubic bones at the front of the pelvis.
5. Legs & Feet
Femur
Common Term: Thigh bone
Definition: The longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the human body, running from hip to knee.
Patella
Common Term: Kneecap
Definition: A triangular sesamoid bone floating inside the quadriceps tendon to protect the knee joint.
Tibia
Common Term: Shinbone
Definition: The larger, inner, weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.
Fibula
Common Term: Calf bone
Definition: The slender, outer lower-leg bone that stabilizes the ankle (bears no direct body weight).
Tarsals
Common Term: Ankle bones
Definition: Seven short bones forming the ankle joint and hindfoot structure, including:
Talus: Common Term: Ankle pivot bone Definition: The top ankle tarsal that sits between the tibia and heel to support body weight.
Calcaneus: Common Term: Heel bone Definition: The largest tarsal bone located at the back of the foot that forms the heel.
Metatarsals
Common Term: Arch / Sole foot bones
Definition: Five long bones spanning the middle of the foot that form the foot arch.
Phalanges (Lower)
Common Term: Toe bones
Definition: Fourteen individual bones making up the big toe and smaller toes.
Movements allowed by Synovial Joint
Gliding Movements: Flat bone surfaces slipping over one another (intercarpal joints).
Angular Movements (Sagittal & Frontal Planes):
Flexion (decrease angle) & Extension (increase angle) / Hyperextension (beyond normal position).
Abduction (move away from midline) & Adduction (move toward midline)
Circumduction (moving a limb to describe a cone in space).
Rotation: Turning a bone along its long axis (Medial vs. Lateral rotation; shaking head side-to-side)
Special Body Movements:
Forearm: Supination (palms anterior/parallel) vs. Pronation (palms posterior/radius crossed).
Foot: Dorsiflexion (toes up) vs. Plantar Flexion (toes down); Inversion (sole medial) vs. Eversion (sole lateral)
Mandible/Shoulder: Elevation (lift superiorly) vs. Depression (lower inferiorly); Protraction (forward) vs. Retraction (backward).
Thumb: Opposition (touching thumb tip to other fingers).
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Compact Bone:
Osteon (Haversian System): Structural unit of elongated concentric rings (lamellae) running parallel to the bone axis.
Central (Haversian) Canal & Perforating Canals: Run through core to carry blood vessels and nerves.
Canaliculi: Tiny canals connecting lacunae to each other and the central canal for nutrient/waste exchange.
Spongy Bone (Cancellous):
Trabeculae: Needle-like or flat pieces of bone that align precisely along lines of mechanical stress to minimize weight.
Bone Marrow Spaces: Open areas between trabeculae housing red marrow (hematopoiesis) or yellow marrow.
Anatomy of the long bone
Diaphysis (Shaft): Tubular cylinder forming the long axis; made of a thick collar of compact bone surrounding the medullary cavity.
Medullary Cavity: Central space filled with yellow bone marrow (fat storage) in adults.
Epiphyses (Bone Ends): Expanded extremities consisting of an outer shell of compact bone and an inner mesh of spongy bone.
Articular Cartilage: Hyaline cartilage layer covering joint surfaces to cushion impact and reduce friction.
Epiphyseal Line: Remnant of the childhood growth plate (epiphyseal plate).
Bone Membranes:
Periosteum: Double-layered external membrane; outer fibrous layer protects, inner osteogenic layer contains stem cells; secured by Sharpey's fibers.
Endosteum: Delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal surfaces, trabeculae, and canals.
Bone fracture repair
Classifications: Alignment (nondisplaced vs. displaced), Completeness (complete vs. incomplete), Skin penetration (open/ compound vs. closed/simple). Common types include comminuted, compression, spiral, epiphyseal, depressed, and greenstick.
Treatment: Reduction (closed manual vs. open surgical alignment) and immobilization.
Four Stages of Bone Repair:
Hematoma Formation: Torn blood vessels hemorrhage to form a clotted blood mass.
Fibrocartilaginous Soft Callus Formation: Capillaries invade; fibroblasts and chondroblasts build a soft repair tissue.
Bony Callus Formation: New trabeculae convert the soft callus into a hard spongy bone callus.
Bone Remodeling: Excess exterior/interior material is resorbed and compact bone is reconstructed along stress lines.
Disorders/ diseases
Metabolic & Mineralization Disorders:
Osteomalacia: Adult bone softening due to inadequate mineralization (calcium/vitamin D shortage).
Rickets: Pediatric form of osteomalacia causing bowed legs and epiphyseal plate deformities.
Osteoporosis: Resorption outpaces deposit; bone mass declines, making spongy bone highly porous and fragile.
Abnormal Remodeling Disorders:
Paget's Disease: Excessive, haphazard bone deposit and resorption yielding weak "Pagetic bone" with a high spongy-to-compact ratio.
Joint Injuries & Pathologies:
High Ankle Sprain: Tearing of syndesmosis ligaments between distal tibia and fibula (slow healing due to limited blood supply).
Meniscus Tear: Damage to knee fibrocartilage discs (heals poorly due to being mostly avascular compared to vascularized synovial membranes).
Differences between male and female skeleton
Pelvic Structure (Primary divergence point for childbirth adaptation):
Female Pelvis: Wider, shallower, lighter, and more rounded/oblong pelvic inlet; broader pubic arch (>90degree); movable, flexible coccyx directed inferiorly.
Male Pelvis: Narrower, deeper, heavier, and heart-shaped pelvic inlet; narrower pubic arch (<90 degree); prominent, anteriorly curved coccyx.