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Kamila Hermosillo, P.1 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Kamila Hermosillo, P.1 Skeletal System
Names of all the bones
Head
frontal, occipital, parietal, nasal, maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, sphenoid, temporal, Vollmer, palatine, ethmoid, hyoid
body/torso
cervical(7), clavicle, sternum, scapula, ribs, thoracic(12), lumbar(5) coxal, sacrum, coccyx, pelvic girdle
upper extremeties
humerus, radius, ulna, carpal, metacarpal, phalanges
lower extremeties
femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsal, phalanges, calcaneus, talus
axial (body, 80 bones), appendicular (extremeties, 126 bones)
types of bones
long bones
longer than it is wide(femur)
short bones
cube-like shape to provide stability(wrist carpals)
flat bones
thin to protect internal organs (ribs)
irregular bones
no definite shape (complex) (vertebrae)
Anatomy of the long bone
Epiphysis (ends)
Diaphysis (composed of compact bone)
epiphyseal line
medullary cavity( yellow bone marrow)
spongy(red bone marrow) & compact bone covers spongy bone
Endosteum(lines the inner medullary cavity) & Periosteum(outer surface of bone)
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Central Canal( hollow center that has blood vessels)
Concentric lamellae( rings of bone matrix surrounding central Canal)
lacunae( fluid filled cavities)
Osteocytes( mature bone cells)
Canaliculi( tiny canals that allow for nutrient & waste exchange)
Bone cells
Osteogenic (divide into osteoblasts)
Osteoblasts (building/forming bone)
Osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Osteoclasts (large cells derived from macrophages)
bone remodeling
Bone deposit & bone resorption
occurs at the surface of periosteum and endosteum
osteoclasts break(dissolve, resorption), osteoblasts build(deposit)
bone fracture repair (4 major steps)
1: Hematoma formation (torn blood vessels form clotted blood)
2: Fibrocartilaginous callus formation (capillaries grow into Hematoma for temporary closure, beginning of reconstruction)
3: Bony callus formation (callus is now hard bony callus of spongy bone)
4: Bone remodeling (excess material is removed & compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls)
joints
fibrous
allow little to no movement, held together by CT
cartilaginous
bones connected by cartilage, slightly movable
synovial
freely movable with synovial cavity & synovial fluid
Ball-and-Socket (any rotation) Hinge (open & close on one plane) Pivot (rotate in one place without shifting) Condylar (back and forth, side to side movement) Gliding (bones slide past each other)
movements allowed by synovial joints
Gliding
bones sliding past each other(little to no rotation)
angular
angle changes between 2 bones
Flexion (decreases angle) Extension(increases angle), Abduction (moving bone away from midline) Adduction (moving bone towards midline)
rotational
bone turns around its own axis
Extra: Pronation (palm faces down) Supination (palm faces up) Dorisflexion (foot faces up) Plantar Flexion (toes face down) Inversion (sole of foot goes inwards) Eversion (sole of foot goes outwards) Protraction (body part moves forward) Retraction (body part moves back) Elevation (body part moves up) Depression (body part moves down) Opposition (moving thumb to touch fingers)
disorder/diseases(3 major)
1: Osteomalacia & Rickets
Poorly mineralized bones result in soft bones (Osteomalacia)
abnormal bone ends from insufficient calcium/vitamins result in deformity of bones like bowed legs (Rickets)
2: Osteoporosis
bone mass declines, Risk factors include aged women (low estrogen = higher risk)
Pagent's Disease
excessive bone deposit & resorption cause bone to grow fast and develop poorly (high ratio of spongy to compact bone)
differences between male and female skeleton( shape & size)
Pelvis (most noticeable)
male
narrow, under 90 degrees arch(pubic angle) pelvic inlet is small
female
wide for childbirth, over 90 degrees pubic angle, pelvic inlet is large
females generally have a smaller structure than males and thinner bones than males