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Sara Ayala Per 1 - 04 Skeletal Concept Map - Coggle Diagram
Sara Ayala Per 1 - 04 Skeletal Concept Map
Names of all the bones (anatomy term and common term/definition
Cranial Bone
Frontal Bone (forehead)
Partial Bones (Top of skull)
Temporal Bones (Lower side walls of skull)
Occipital Bone (Back of the skull)
Sphenoid Bone (Butterfly shaped bone behind the eyes forming the central floor of the cranium)
Ethmoid Bone (Spongy bone between the orbits that separates the nasal cavity from the brain)
Facial Bones
Maxillae (Upper jawbone)
Zygomatic bones (cheekbones)
Mandible (lower jaw bone)
Nasal Bones (Bridge of the nose)
Palatine Bones (L-shaped bones forming the back part of the hard palate and nasal floor)
Inferior Nasal Conchae (Curved bony shelves inside nasal cavity)
lacrimal bones (Tiny bones at the inner corner of the eye socket that contain the tear ducts)
Vomer (Thin, flat bone forming the lower back part of the nasal septum
Vertebral Column/Spine
Hyoid Bone (Floating neck bone U-shaped)
Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7) including Atlas and Axis
Thoratic Vertebrae (T1-T12)
Lumbar Vertebrae (Lower back bone (L1-L5)
Sacrum (Triangular pelvic base bone)
Coccyx (Trail bone formed by 3 to 5 fused vertebrae at the base of the spine)
Ribs
True Ribs (upper ribs completely attached to spine) (Pairs 1-7)
False Ribs (Mid ribs not completely attached to spine) (Pairs 8-10)
Floating Ribs (Short ribs attached to nothing) (Pairs 11-23)
The Apendicular Skeleton
Pectoral Girdle/shoulder
Clavicle (collar bone)
Scapula (shoulder blade)
Upper Limb/ arms and hands
Humerus (upper arm bone)
Radius (Thumb side forarm bone )
Ulna )Pinky side forarm bone)
Carpal Bones (wrist bones)
Metacarpals (palm bones)
Phalanges (Fingers)
Pelvic Girdle (Hips)
Coxal bones (hip bones)
Lower Limbs/legs and feet
Femur (Thigh Bone)
Patella (Kneecap)
Tibia (Shin bone)
Fibular (Calf bone)
Tarsal (Ankle and heal bones)
Metaltarsals (solder/arch bones of the foot)
Phalanges (Toe segments)
Types of bones (and examples of each)
Short Bones: Cube like structures. (Ex. carpals, tarsals, the patella)
Irregular Bones: Comples or unusual shapes. (Ex. Include vertebrae and hip bones)
Long Bones: Greater in length than width. (ex. femur and humerus)
Flat Bones: thin, flattened, gently curved structures. (Ex. Scapulae, sternum, ribs, cranial bones)
Disorders/diseases
Osteomalacia:
Inadequate mineralization causing soft and weak bones.
Osteomalacia Development
: osteoids form without proper calcium salt deposition.
Osteoporosis Vulnerability:
High fracture risk in hips and vertebrae.
Osteoproosis structural impact:
Femoral neck and spine deteriorate rapidly.
Paget's Disease:
Disorganized, rapid, and chronic bone remodeling.
Paget's Disease Structure:
Abnormally high ratio of weak spongy bone.
Anatomy of the long bone
The Shaft (Diaphysis): This is the central tubular section that forms the primary long Axis of the bone.
The Internal cavity: Running through the center of the diaphysis is the medullary cavity, which houses fatty yellow bone marrow in adults
Compact Bone: A dense, hard external layer that provides strength
Spongy Bone: A porus internal network found toward the ends, containing red bone marrow for blood cell production
Ends of Growth regions
Articular Cartilage: A smooth, protective coating over the joint surfaces
Epiphyseal Line/Plate: The growth zone located between the shaft and the bone ends where elongation occurs
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Osteogenic cells: Active stem cells in the endosteum and periodteum that differentiate
Osteocytes: mature, non-dividing bone cells located inside the lacunae
osteoclasts: Specialized cells that break down and resorb bone tissue
Bone lining cells; Surface cells that help monitor and maintain the bone matrix
Bone remodeling
Remodeling Units:
Coordinated packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclaststhat carry out the remodeling process together.
Bone Resorption:
The breakdown and removal of bone matrix carried out by osteoclasts. Osteoclasts dig grooves into the bone by secreting Lysosomal enzymes and protons. The resulting acidic environment converts calcium salts into soluble forms, while osteoclasts phagocytize the demineralized matrix and dead cells. (Ex. Osteoclasts breaking down unneeded or excess bone tissue inside the medullary cavity.
Bone Deposit:
The formation and placement of new matrix carried out by osteoblasts. (Ex. Osteoblasts laying down new matrix along bone walls subjected to heavy strain)
Triggers and Purposes of Remodeling:
1. Maintaining Bone Shape During Growth:
As long bones grow longer, simultaneous resorption and deposit remodel the shaft to preserve proper skeletal shape and proportions.
2. Response to Mechanical Stress (Appositional Growth):
Bones increase in thickness throughout life in response to physical load. (Ex. High levels of muscle activity or weight bearing exercise signal osteoblasts to deposit extra bone, creating a thicker, stronger bone that remains structurally efficient. )
3. Bone Fracture Repair:
Remodeling is the forth and final stage of bone healing after an injury. (Ex: Removing excess hard callus material from the outer diaphysis and inner meduallary cavity, followed by reconstructuting compact bone walls so the bone can withstand normal stressors again.)
Disorders caused by Remodeling Imbalances:
Imbalances underline almost every skeletal disease.
Osteoporosis:
A condition where bone resorption exceeds bone deposit, causing total bone mass to drop while the matrix composition remains normal. (Ex. Postmenopausal women experiencing systemic bone loss due to declining estrogen levels, leading to frequent fractures in the spine and neck of the femur. Treatments such a as bisphosphonates work by reducing osteoclast number and activity.
Paget's Disease:
A disease marked by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resportation, causing bone to grow rapidly and develop poorly into weak, poorly mineralized tissue (pagetic bone). (Ex. Abnormal bone growth creating a "moth eaten" appearance in the spine, Pelvis, femur, or skull of adults over age 40.)
Bone fracture repair
Stages of Repair
1. Blood Clot Formation (Hematome)
Ruptured blood vessels leak into the area, creating a localized blood clot. this triggers protective swelling, pain, inflammation.
2. Soft Callus Generation
(Fibrocartilage) A protective matrix of repair tissue develops. New Blood vessels sprout and capillarization takes place right inside the clot
Hard Callus Development (bony callus). Within a week, spongy bone structures (tabeculae) start developing inside the temporary callus to harden the area
Structural Reshaping (remodeling). Commercing in the third stage and persisting over several months
1 Clotting and Inflamation: Torn blood vessels
Soft Bridge Building: Fibrocartilage forms a temporary bridge while brand new Blood capillaries grow
Joints (and examples of each type)
Structural
Fibrous
: Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue. They have no joint cavity.
Three Types of Fibrous Joints
: Sutures, Syndesoses, Gomphoses
Cartilafinous
:
Bones United by cartilage
Like fibrous joints, have no bone cavity
Not highly movable
Two Types of Cartilaginous Joints:
Synchondroses, Symphyses
Synovial:
Bones separated by fluid filled joint cavity. All are diarthrotic (freely moveable). Include almost all limb joints.
Characteristics of a Synovial Joint:
Have six general features . Have bursae and tendon sheaths associated. Stability is influenced by three factors. Allow several types of movements . Classification into six different types.
Six General Features:
(1) Articular Cartilage: consists of hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones. This prevents crushing of bone ends.
(2) Joint (Synovial cavity): Small, fluid filled potential space that is unique to Synovial joints.
(3) Articular (joint) capsule: Two layers thick (External fibrous layer and Inner Synovial membrane: loose connective tissue that makes up Synovial fluid).
(4) Synovial Fluid: Viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluranic acid. Purpose is to lubricate and nourish articular cartilage. Contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris.
(5) Different Types of Reinforcing Ligaments:
Capsular: thickened part of fibrous layer
Extracapsular: outside the capsule
Intacapsular: deep to capsule, covered by synovial membrane
(6) Nerves and blood vessels:
Nerves detect pain, monitor joint position and stretch
Capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid
Other synovial joints:
Fatty pads: For cushioning between bibrous layer of capsule and synovial membrane or bone
Articular discs (menisci): Fibrocartilage separates surface to improve "fit" of bone ends, stabilize joint, and reduce wear and tear
Functional
: three types based on movement joints allows :
Syharthroses
: immoveable joints. strongly unite adjacent bones to protect internal structures. (ex. Cranial Sutures)
Amphiarthroses:
Slightly movable joints. (Ex. Middle Radioulnar Joint: A fibrous syndesmosis between the radius and ulna in the forearm that permits limited rotation.)
Diarthroses:
Freely moveable joints. (Ex. the shoulder joint and hip joint (ball-and-socket), the elbow joint (hinge), and the atlantoaxial joint in the neck (pivot) )
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Gliding Movements:
One flat bone surface glides or slips over another surface.
Ex.
Intercarpal Joints
Intertarsal Joints
Between articular processes of vertebrae
Angular Movements:
Increase or decrease angle between two bones
Movement along sagittal plane
Angular movements include:
Flexion: Decrease the angle of the joint
Extension: Increase the angle of the joint
Hyperextension: Movement beyond the anatomical position
Angular Movements (cont.):
Abduction: Movement along frontal plane, away from the midline
Adduction: Movement along frontal plane, toward the midline
Circumduction: Involves Flexion, abduction, extension, and Adduction of limb. Limb describes cone in space
Rotation:
Turning of the bone around its own axis, toward midline or away from it
-Medial: Rotation toward midline
Lateral: Rotation away from midline
-Ex.
Rotation between C1 and C2 vertebrae
Rotation of humerus and femur
Special Movements:
Supination and Pronation: Rotation of radius and ulna
Supination: Palms face anteriorly
Radius and ulna are parallel
Pronation: Palms face posteriorly
Radius rotates over ulna
Dorsiflexion and planter flexion of foot
Dorsiflexion: bending foot toward shin
Planter flexion: Pointing toes
Inversion and eversion of foot
Inversion: Sole of foot faces medially
Eversion: Sole of foot faces laterally
Protraction and Retraction: Movement of lateral plane
Protraction: mandible just out
Retraction: Mandible is pulled toward neck
Elevation and depression of mandible
Elevation:lifting body part superiorly (Ex. Shrugging shoulders)
Depression: lowering body part (Ex. opening jaw)
Opposition: Movement of thumb (Ex. Touching thumb to tips of other fingers on same hand or any gasping movement
Differences between male and female skeleton
Pubic Angle:
The Pubic arch is broader in females compared to males.
Pelvic Openings:
Females possess a more spacious pelvic inlet and outlet, whereas these structural openings are significantly more restricted and narrow in males.
Coccyx Structure:
A male's coccyx curves sharply inward and remains rigid, while a female's coccyx is straighter and capable of shifting flexibly