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Lysette Ortega Period 1 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Lysette Ortega Period 1 Skeletal System
Bones
Axial
Skull
Frontal
: Forehead bone
Parietal
: Top and side walls of the skull
Temporal
: Sides and base of the skull near the ears
Maxilla
: Upper jawbone
Mandible
: Lower jawbone
Zygomatic
: Cheekbones
Nasal bones:
Bridges of the nose
Vertebral
Cervical: Neck region
Atlas
: C1
Axis
: C2
Thoracic vertebrae: Upper/mid-back region attached to ribs
Lumbar
: Lower back region
Sacrum
: Triangular bone fused from 5 sacral verteb
Coccyx
: Tailbone, fused from 3-5 small vertebrae
Sacrum
: Triangular bone fused from 5 sacral vertebrae
Thoracic Cage
Sternum
: Breastbone
Ribs
: Long curved bones
Appendicular
Upper Limb
Humerus
: Upper arm bone
Ulna
: Forearm bone on the pinky side
Radius
: Forearm bone on the thumb side
Carpal
: Wrist bones
Metacarpal
: Palm bones of the hand
Phalanges
: Finger bones
Scapula
: shoulder blade
Clavicle
: Collarbone
Lower Limb
Femur
: Thigh bone
Fibula
: Slender outer bone of the lower leg
Tibia
: Shinbone
Metatarsal
: Midfoot bones
Phalanges
: Toe bones
Patella
: Kneecap
Tarsal
: Ankle/hindfoot bones
Types of Bones
Long Bones
Longer than they are wide & limb bones (ex. humerus, radius, ulna)
Short Bones
Cube-shaped bones in the wrist and ankle, sesamoid bones from within tendons, and vary in size ( ex. carpal & tarsal bones)
Flat Bones
Thin, flat, and slightly curved (ex. sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones)
Irregular Bones
Complicated shapes ( ex. vertebrae and hip bones)
Anatomy of the Long Bone
Proximal Epiphysis
Articular cartilage
Spongy Bone
Metaphysis
Epiphyseal line
Red bone marrow
Diaphysis
Endosteum
Compact bone
Medullary cavity
Yellow bone marrow
Periosteum
Nutrient artery
Distal Epiphysys
Articular Cartilage
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Tissue
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide, maintain bone matrix & act as stress/strain sensors (respond to mechanical stimuli + communicate info. to osteoblasts & osteoclasts so bone remodeling can occur
Bone-lining cells
Flat cells on bone surfaces believe to also help maintain matrix
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid ( made up of collagen & calcium-binding proteins, collagen makes up 90% of Bone protein), osteoblastss are actively mitotic
Osteoclasts
Derived from same hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages, giant, multinucleate cells function in bone resorption, and when active, cells are located in depressions (resorption bays)
Osteogenic cells
(Osteoprogenitor cells) mitotically active stem cells in periosteum & endosteum, they differentiate into osteoblasts/bone-lining cells when stimulates but some remain as osteogenic stem cells.
Bone remodeling
Bone deposit
Function of osteoclasts, dig depressions/grooves as they break down matrix, secrete lysosomal enzymes and protons that digest matrix, and acidity converts calcium salts to soluble forms
Bone resorption
New bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts
Bone Fracture Repair
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
Capillaries grow into hematoma, phagocytic cells clear debris, fibroblasts, cartilage, and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction of bone -- fibrocartilaginous callus
Bony callus formation
Within one week, new trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callus, the callus is converted to bony callus of spongy Bone, and bony callus formation continues for about 2 months until firm union forms.
Hematoma formation
Torn blood vessels hemorrhage, forming mass of clotted blood (hematoma) - swollen, painful, inflamed
Bone remodeling
Begins during bony callus formation and continues for several months, excess material on diaphysis exterior & within medullary cavity is removes, compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls, and final structure resembles og structure.
Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Bones united by cartilage, have no joint cavity, not highly movable
Synchondroses
Bar/plate of hyaline cartilage that unites bones, all are synarthrotic (
ex
. temporary epiphyseal plate joints, cartilage of 1st rib with manubrium of sternum)
Symphyses
Fibrocartilage unites bones in symphysis joint (strong, amphiarthrotic joints) -
ex
. intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis
Synovial Joints
Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity, all move freely, they have six general features, bus & tendon sheaths associated with them, stability is influenced by three factors, allow several types of movements, & classified into 6 diff. types
Structure
Articular cartilage:
prevents crushing of bones + contains hyaline cartilage
Join(synovial) cavity:
small, fluid-filled potential space that is unique to synovial joints
Articular (joint) capsule
: two layers thick - external fibrous layer & inner synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
: viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
Different types of reinforcing ligaments:
capsular, extra capsular, intracapsular
Nerves and blood vessels
Fatty pads
: for cushioning between fibrous layer of capsule & synovial membrane or bone
Articula discs(menisci
): fibrocartilage separates articular surfaces to improve "fit" of bone ends, stabilize joint, and reduce wear & tear
Bursae & Tendon Sheaths
Bursae
: reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
Tendon sheaths:
elongated bursae wrapped completely around tendons subjected to friction
Types of Synovial Joints
: Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condylar, Saddle, Ball-and-socket
Fibrous Joints
Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue, no joint activity, immovable
Sutures
: Rigid, interlocking joints of skull, allow for growth during youth (contain short connective tissue fibers), and in middle age, sutures ossify and fuse (
ex
. coronal suture)
Syndesmoses
: Bones connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissues, fiber length varies = movement varies (short fiber offer little to no movement, longer fibers offer larger amount of movement) -
ex
. interosseous membrane connecting radius & ulna
Gomphoses
: Peg-in-socket joints, fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament (
ex
. teeth in alveolar sockets)
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Abduction
: Moving a limb away from the body midline in the frontal plane
Adduction
: Moving a limb toward the body midline in the frontal plane
Extension
: increasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane
Circumduction
: Moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space
Flexion
: decreasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane
Medial rotation
: Rotating toward the median plane
Gliding
: Sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across each other
Lateral rotation:
rotating away from the median plane
Difference between male & female skeleton
Male Pelvis
Narrower and taller, it features a smaller, heart-shaped pelvic inlet.
Female Skulls
Smaller, smoother, and more rounded, have less prominent brow ridges, sharper upper eye orbit margins, smaller mastoid processes behind the ears, and a more pointed chin with an obtuse jaw angle
Female Pelvis
Wider and shallower to support childbirth, contain a larger, round pelvic inlet, and a wider sub-pubic angle.
Male Skulls
Larger, heavier, and more rugged, feature prominent brow ridges, sloping foreheads, larger mastoid processes, and a square chin with a sharper jaw angle
Disorders/diseases
Osteosarcoma
Malignant bone tumor
Osteomyelitis
An infection in the bone
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
A genetic disorder that causes brittle bones
Paget's Disease
Metabolic bone disease affecting the break down and rebuilding of the bone
Osteoarthritis
Protective cartilage at ends of bones wear down