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Aleeah Garcia P.1 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Aleeah Garcia P.1 Skeletal System
Disorders/Diseases
Osteomalacia and Rickets - Osteomalacia is when bones are poorly mineralized, they are soft and weak, and pain occurs when bearing weight. An osteoid is produced but calcium salts don't deposit correctly. Rickets is like osteomalacia, except it occurs in children. This can happen from vitamin d or dietary calcium deficiency.
Osteoporosis - bone resorption exceeds deposit and a group of diseases form in result. Bone mass declines. Can occur from poor calcium and protein diet, lack of exercise, older women, hormone related conditions, and more.
Paget's Disease - excessive resorption and deposit of the bone, which leads to bones growing more rapidly, yet developing poorly. Usually occurs in the pelvis, femur, spine, and skull and is rare for ages younger than 40.
Types of bones
Irregular bones have complicated shapes and thin plates of compact bone Ex. vertabrae
Long bones are limb bones that arelonger than they are wide and have a shaft. Ex. humerus
Flat bones are thin, flat, and slightly curved. Ex. sternum
Short bones vary in size, are cube-shaped, and are sesamoid bones from within tendons. Ex. patella
Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
An angular movement is when there is movement along a sagittal plane that involves an increase or decrease in the angle between two bones.
A rotation movement is when a bone turns around its own long axis and turns toward or away from the midline.
A gliding movement is when one flat bone glides or slips over another surface with similar features.
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Tissue
Osteoblasts - bone-forming cells that are mitotic and secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid, which is made up of collagen and calcium-binding proteins. Collagen makes up 90% of b.one portion
Osteocytes - Cells in the lacunae that maintain and monitor bone matrix as well as act as strain sensors. They respond to mechanical stimuli and communicate to osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Osteogenic cells - mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum, differentiate into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells when stimulated
Bone-lining cells - flat cells on bone surfaces that help maintain matrix and help osteocytes.
Osteoclasts - cells with ruffled borders that help to increase surface area for enzyme degradation and to seal off the area. Come from hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages and help with bone resorption.
Bone Fracture Repair
Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation - phagocytic cells clear debris.
Bony Callus Formation - Trabeculae appears in fibrocartilaginous callus. Callus is converted bony callus of spongy bone. Bony callus formation continues for 2 months until union forms.
Hematoma Formation - blood vessels tear and create hematoma
Bone Remodeling - Starts during bony callus formations and lasts for several months. Removes excess material on diaphysis and epiphyses. Compact bone lays down to reconstruct shaft walls.
Bone Remodeling
Bone deposit - new bone matrix deposits by osteoblats
Occurs at surfaces of periosteum and endosteum and made from osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Bone resorption - functions from osteoclasts that dig depressions or grooves as they break down matrix. Secretes lysosomal enzymes and protons that digest matrix. Acidity converts calcium salts into soluble forms.
Anatomy of the Long Bone
Spongy Bone
Epiphyseal Line
Distal and Proximal Epiphyses
Medullary Cavity
Diaphysis
Periosteum
Articular Cartilage
Red and Yellow Bone Marrow
Compact Bone
Nutrient Artery
Endosteum
All of the Bones
Mandible - jaw - flat
Coccyx - Tailbone - irregular
Maxilla - flat
coxal - hips - irregular bone
Zygomatic - cheekbones
illium - irregular bone
Temporal - temples - flat
ischium - irregular bone
Nasal - nose - flat
pubis = irregular
Parietal - head - flat bone
Sacrum - irregular
Frontal - Forehead - flat bone
Lumbar Vertabrae - spine - irregular
Thoracic Vertabrae - spine - irregular
Cervical Vertabre - neck - irregular
Axis - neck - irregular
Atlas - neck -irregular
Femur - thigh - long bone
Tibia - leg - long bone
Fibula - leg - long bone
Talus - ankle - short
Tarsals - ankle - short bones
Metatarsals - short
Phalanges T - toes
Humerus - funny bone
Scapula - shoulder blade - flat bones
Radius - arm - long bone
Ulna - arm - long bone
Carpal - wrist - short bones
Metacarpal - short
Phalanges F - fingers
Patella - knee
True ribs - flat
False ribs - flat
Sternum - flat
floating ribs - flat
clavicle - collar bone
Joints
Cartilaginous Joints - Bones united by Cartilage, have no joint cavity, not highly movable, and can be synchonddroses or symphyses
Synovial Joints - Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavities. Are freely movable/diarthrotic and have articular discs as well as fatty pads. May be plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, or ball-in-socket joints.
Fibrous Joints - bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue, with no joint cavity, can be immovable, and onvolve sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses.
Differences Between Male and Female Skeleton
The female pelvis has a wider pubic oulet than the male
he male pelvis has a shorter coccyx that curved inwards.
Male bone mass is typically greater than females.