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Skeletal System Bella Villa Period 1 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System Bella Villa
Period 1
Bones
The Skull
cranial bones
Frontal - Forehead
Parietal - top/sides of cranium
Temporal - Lower sides
Occipital - Back/base of skull
Sphenoid - on the lower cranial floor
Ethmoid - floor of cranium between eyes
facial bones
Maxilla - upper jaw
Zygomatic - cheekbones
Nasal - bridge of nose
Lacrimal - in inner corner of eye
Palatine - roof of mouth
Inferior Nasal Conchae - sidewalls of nasal cavity
vomer - lower part of nasal septum
Mandible - lower jawbone
other bones of skull
malleus - hammer
incus - anvil
stapes - stirrup
hyoid bone - u shaped neck bone
Vertebral Column/Spine
cervical (7) - Neck region with Atlas and Axis
thoratic (12) - mid back region, all with ribs
thoratic cage - Sternum - breastbone True Ribs (1-7) False Ribs (8-10) Floating Ribs (11-12)
lumbar - lower back region, thickest weightbaring
sacrum - Five fused vertebrae forming back wall of pelvis
coccyx - tailbone
Upper Limbs/ Arms + Hands
clavicle - collarbones
scapula - shoulder blades
Humerus - upper arm bones
Radius - forearm bones on thumb side
ulna - forearm bones on pinky side
Carpals (16 total - 8 per wrist)
Metacarpals (10 total - 8 per hand)
Phalanges - (28 total - 14 per hand)
Lower Limbs/ Legs+ Feet
Patella - kneecaps
Tibia - shinbones
Femur - thigh bones
Fibula - Calf bones
Tarsals - ankle
Metatarsals (10 total - 5 per foot)
Phalanges - (28 total - 14 per foot)
Pelvic/ Hip gridle
illum - upper flare
ischium - sit bone
pubis - front connection
Types of Bones
Irregular Bones - Complicated shapes (vertebrae, hip bones)
Sesamoid bones - Embedded in tendons (patella)
Short bones - Thin, flattened usually curved (sternum, Ribs, Skull bones)
Long Bones - Longer than they are wide (humerus, Femur)
Anatomy of Long Bone
Diaphysis - shaft or central part of Long bone
Periosteum - tough, fibrous outer membrane covering bone
Articular cartilage - Covers epiphyses to reduce friction at joints
Medullary cavity - central hollow cavity containing yellow marrow
Epiphyseal Line/Plate - Growth plate region
Endosteum - delicate membrane lining the internal medullary cavity
Epiphysis - Expanded ends of Bone (proximal, distal)
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Tissue
Osteon (haversian system) - structural unit of compact bone
Centeral (haversian) canal - contains blood vessels and nerves
Lamellae - rings of hard calcified matrix
Lacunae - tiny cavities that house mature bone cells
Osteocytes - mature bone cells found in lacunae that maintain tissue
Canaliculi - tiny hair like canals connecting lacunae to each other and central canal
Bone Remodoling
Osteoblasts - bone building cells
Osteoclasts - bone reabsorbing cells
Hormonal regulation - controlled by PTH and Calcitonin
Mechanical stress - bone grows and remodels in response to demands placed on it
Bone Fracture Repair
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation - granulation tissue and fibrocartilage splint the bone
Bony callus formation - Osteoblasts replace fibrocartilage with spongy bone
Hematoma Formation - mass of clotted blood forms at fracture site
Bone remodeling - compact bone replaces spongy bone on exterior, restoring original structure
Joints
Fibrous joints - immovable - Structures of the skull
Cartilaginous joints - slightly movable - intervertebral discs
Synovial Joints - freely movable
Pivot - Radius, Ulna
Gliding/Plane - between carpals
Hinge - Elbow, Knee
Saddle - base of thumb
Ball and socket - shoulder, hip
Condyloid/Ellipsoid - kunckles
Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
Rotation - turning bone around its own axis
Circumduction - moving a limb that describes a cone in space
Abduction - moving a limb away from midline Adduction - moving a limb away toward midline
Pronation - turning the palm downward Supination - turning the palm upward
Flexion - decreasing angles between bones Extension - increasing angles between bones
Dorsflextion - lifting foot up Plantar flexion - Lifting the foot pointing downwards
protraction - moving a body part anteriorely Retracction - moving a body part posteriorely
Elevation - Moving a body part upwards Depression - moving a body part downwards
opposition - moving thumb to touch tip of the fingers
Hyperextension - extending a joint past its normal anatomical position
medial rotation - turning toward the midline of body
lateral rotation - turning away from midline of body
Differences between Male + Female
Males have thicker heavier bone mass/density in males
Females have softer, smoother bone facial features Males have square more prominent square shape.
Pelvic - Females have wider, more oval pelvic, greater than 90 degrees Males have narrower, heart shaped pelvic, less than 90 degrees
Disorders/Diseases
Rheumatoid Arthritis - autoimmune chronic inflammatory disorder targeting joint membranes
Rickets/Osteomalacia - sofetining of bones sue to lack of vitamin D or calcium.
Osteoarthritis - wear and tear breakdown of articular joint cartilage
Scoliosis - Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
Osteoporosis - Bone resorption outpaces bone deposit, fragile porous bones