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Samuel Magana HAP Period 1 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Samuel Magana HAP Period 1 Skeletal System
Types of bones and examples of each
Long
Bone
: Longer than they are wide; Limb bones [ex. humerus]
Short
Bones
: Cube-shaped, maybe sesamoid bones [ex. Wrist and ankle]
Flat
Bones
: Thing, flat, slightly curved. [ex. Sternum, ribs]
Irregular
Bones
: Complicated shapes; [vertebrae & hip]
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Tissue
Cells
Osteogenic
Cells
: Stem cells in periosteum and endosteum
Osteoblasts
: Bone-forming cells secreting bone matrix called
Osteoid
(made up of collagen and Ca binding proteins)
Osteocytes
: Mature bone cells in lacunae; maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors; communicate to osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Bone-lining Cells: Flat cells on bone surfaces believed to also help matrix (w/ osteocytes)
Osteoclasts
: Giant cells that breakdown bone; found in resorption bays; have ruffles for a higher SA:V ratio for enzyme degradation of bone
Compact Bone (aka lamellar bone)
Osteon
(
Haversian
System
): Structural unit; has elongated cylinder running parallel to long bone; has several bone matrix rings called lamellae
Canals and Canaliculi
: Central canal in core, perforating (Volkmanns) canals line w/ endosperm that occur at right angles to central canal
Lacunae
: Small cavities w/ osteocytes
Canilculi
: Hairlike canals connecting lacunae’s and central canal
Anatomy of the Long Bone
Endosteum
: Lines medullary cavity
Yellow
Bone
Marrow
: Deepest in long bone; wrapped by endosteum in medullary cavity
Medullary
Cavity
: Internal space lined by endosteum within bone that holds the yellow bone marrow
Compact
Bone
: Strong, dense structure bone tissue; found around the endosteum, on the diaphysis edges
Spongy
Bone
: Bone tissue with trabeculae (thin bone pieces with a matrix shape); contains red bone marrow
Periosteum
: Lining around the outside of the compact bone
Diaphysis
: Shaft of the long bone
Epiphysis
: Ends of long bone; Proximal and distal
Articular
Cartilage
: Connective tissue between bones for joints
Name of all bones (anatomy term and comments term/definition)
Skull
Temporal: Side of head
Occipital: Top of head
Parietal: Top of head
Nasal: Superior to nose
Zygomatic: Prominence of cheek
Maxilla: Upper Jaw
Ethmoid: Between eye sockets
Sphenoid: Between Frontal and Temporal
Chest
Clavicle: The collarbone
Sternum: Intrapectoral
Scapula: Shoulderblades
Ribs: Chestcage
Vertebrae: 7 Cervical, 12 Thoracic, 5 Lumbar
Arm
Humerus: Brachial bone
Radius: Antebrachial; side of thumb
Ulna: Antebrachial; opposite of thumb
Hand
Carpal: Wrist
Metacarpal: Palm
Phalanges: Fingers
Hip
Coxal Bone: Hip; has illium, ishium, pubis, pubic symphysis
Leg
Sacrum: Fused vertebrae inferior to lumbar
Femur: Thigh bone
Coccyx: Tailbone
Patella: Knee bone
Tibia: Larger crural region bone
Fibula: In fibular region
Foot
Tarsal: "wrist" of foot
Talus: Proximal foot bones
Calcaneus: Heel bones
Metatarsals: Foot "Palm"
Phalanges: Toes
Bone Remodeling (Bone Deposit + Bone Resorption)
Resorption
:
Osteoclasts
break down matrix by secreting lysosomal enzymes and protons. Their acidity converts Calcium salts into soluble forms. (Also phagocytize demineralized matrix and osteocytes)
Bone Deposit
: New bone matrix deposited by
Osteoblasts
bone fracture repair
joints and examples of each type
Structural Joints: FIbrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
Fibrous Joints
(joined by dense FIbrous ct w/o joint cavity nor movement): Sutures, Syndesmoses, Gomphoses
Sutures
: Rigid interlocking joints of skull that contain short ct fibers that grow during youth. In middle age, they ossify and fuse
Syndesmoses
: Bones connected by ligaments, and bands of fibrous tissue, offer little to no movement. [ex. inferior tibiofibular joint; membrane connecting radius and ulna]
Gomphoses
: Peg-in-socket joints [ex. teeth in alveolar sockets, fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament]
Cartilaginous Joints
(bones united by cartilage; no joint cavity; not highly movable): Synchondroses, Symphyses
Synchondroses
: Plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones; almost all are immovable. [ex. temporary epiphyseal plate joints; cartilage of 1st rib w/ manubrium of sternum]
Symphyses
: Fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysis joint; are strong, slightly movable. [ex. pubic symphysis]
Articular Cartilage: Hyaline cartilage at bone ends
Joint (synovial) Cavity: Fluid-filled cavity in synovial joints
Articular (Joint) Capsule: outer fibrous w/ inner membrane
Synovial Fluid: Viscous plasma & hyaluronic acid filtrate
Reinforcing Ligaments: Capsular, extra- and intra- capsular
Nerves & blood vessels
Synovial Joints
(bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity; are freely movable; 6 general features):
Condylar Joint
: Biaxial movement [ex. knuckle, waist]
Saddle Joint
: Biaxial movement [ex. CMC thumb joint]
Ball-and-socket Joint
: Multiaxial [ex. shoulder, hip]
Plane Joint
: Nonaxial (gliding) [ex. intercarpal, intertarsal]
Hingle Joint
: Uniaxial [ex. elbow joint]
Pivot Joint
: Uniaxial [ex. radius on ulna]
Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
Angular Movements
: Increase or decrease angle of 2 bones
Flexion
: Decrease angle of the joint
Abduction
: Movement along frontal plane, away from the midline
Increases
the angle of the joint
Adduction
: Movement along frontal plane, toward midline
Circumduction
: Limb describes cone in space
Gliding movements:
One flat bone slips over another
Intercarpal joints, Intertarsal joints, between articular processes of vertebrae
Rotation Movements:
Turning of bone around its own long axis, toward midline or away from it
Medial
: Rotation toward midline
Lateral
: Rotation away from midline
Special Movements
: Unique movements
Supination
: Palms face anteriorly
Pronation
: Palms face posteriorly
Dorsiflexion
: Bending foot toward shin
Plantar
flexion
: Pointing toes
Inversion
: Sole of foot faces medially
Eversion
: Sole of foot faces laterally
Protraction
: Mandible juts out
Retraction
: Mandible is pulled toward neck
Elevation
: Lifting body part superiorly
Depression
: Lowering body part
Opposition
: Movement of thumb
Differences between Male and Female Skeleton
disorders/diseases