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Sophia Chaidez p.1 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Sophia Chaidez p.1 Skeletal System
Bone fracture repair- treatment involves reduction, the realignment of broken bone ends.
Open reduction- Surgical pins or wires secure ends.
Immobilization- Bones healed by cast or traction is needed for healing.
Closed reduction- Physician manipulates to correct position.
Repair involves 4 major stages.
Hematoma formation- Torn blood vessels hemorrhage, forming mass of clotted blood called a hematoma. The site is swollen, painful and inflamed.
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation- Capillaries growing into hematoma. Phagocytic cells clear debris. Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to span break and connect ends. Then to creare cartilage matrix fibroblasts, cartilage, and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction of the bone.
Bony callus formation- Within one week, new trabeculae appears in Fibrocartilage callus. The callus is converted to bone callus of spongy bone. Bones callus formation continues for about2 months until firm union forms.
Bone Re modeling- Bgeins during bone callus formation and continues for several months. Excess matieral of diaphysis exterior and within medullary cavity is removed. Compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls. Final structure resembles original structure.
Types of Bones
Anatomy of the Long Bone- All long bones have a shaft (diaphysis), bone ends (epiphyses), and membranes.
Diaphysis- A tubular shaft that forms the long axis of the bone. It consists of compact bone surrounding the central medullary cavity that’s filled with yellow marrow in adults.
Epiphyses- Ends of the long bone that consists of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally. Articular cartilage covers articular joint surfaces.
Membranes- Two types. (Periosteum and endosteum)
Periosteum- A white double layered meme brand that covers external surfaces except joints.
Fibrous layer- Outer layer consisting of dense irregular connective tissue consisting of sharpey’s fiber that secure to bone matrix.
Osteogenic layer- Inner layer abutting bone and contains primiitve osteogenic stem cells that give rise to most all bone cells.
Endostem- Delicate connective tissue covering internal bone surface. It covers the trabeculae of the spongy bone, covers canals that pass through the compact bone. It contains osteogenic cells that can differentiate into other bone cells.
Epiphyseal line- Lies between the diaphysis and epiphyseal, a remnant of childhood epiphyseal plate where bone growth occurs.
Differences male & female
Bone Remodeling - Consists of bone deposit and bone resorption.
Bone deposit- New bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts.
Bone resorption- Function of osteoclasts that dig grooves as they break down the matrix. They secrete lysosomal enzymes and protons that digest matrix. Acidity converts calcium salts to soluable forms.
Remodeling units- Packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts coordinate remodeling process
Joints- Articulates where 2 or more bones meet and give mobility and hold.
Cartilaginous joints- Bones united by cartilage like fibrous joints they have no joint cavity. Ar not highly moveable.
Synchondroses- Bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones almost all are synarthrotic. EX: temporary epiphyseal plate joints, become synostese after plate closure. Cartilage of 1st rib with manubrium of sternum.
Symphyses-FIbrocartilage unites bone in symphysis joint. Hyaline cartilage also presents as articular cartilage on boy surface/ They are strong ans slightly moveable. EX: Intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis.
Synovial joints- Bones separates by fluid filled joint cavity. All are moveable and include almost all limb joints. Allow for several types of movement.
General features- Articular cartilage covering end bones which prevent crushing on bone ends. Joint synovial cavity which are small fluid-filled cavities . Articular joint capsule, a two layer thick external fibrous layer. Synovial fluid which is a slippery filtrate of plasma and hylaronic acid. It lubricates and nourishes the articular cartilage. The nerves and blood vessels detect pain, monitos joint position and stretch.
Bursae- Bags do synovial fluid that act as lubricating ball hearing. They reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
Tendon Sheaths- Elongated bursae wrapped completely around tendons subjected to friction.
Types of synovial joints (based on articular surface and movement joint)- Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condylar, Saddle, Ball & Socket.
Fibrous joints- Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue with no joint cavity. Most are immovable depending on length of connective tissue fibers.
Syndesmoses- Bones connected by ligaments, bands of fibroustis. Fiber length varies so movement varies. Short fibers offer little to no movement. Long fibers offer a large amount of movement.
Gomphoses- Peg-in socket joints. Ex: teeth in ave loar socket. Holds teeth in socket.
Sutures- Interlocking joints of the skull that allow for growth during youth. Contain short connective tissue that allow for expansion. In middle age, sutures ossify and fuse.
Movements by Synovial Joints
Angular Movements- Increasing or decreasing angle between two bones. Movements along a sagittal plane.
Hyperextension- Movement beyond anatomical position (EX: Leaning back)
Abduction: Movement along the frontal plane, away from the midline.
Extension- Increasing the angle of the joint.
Adduction- Movement along the frontal plane place, towards the midline.
Flexion- Decrease the angle of the joints.
Circumduction- Involves flexion, abduction, extension, and addition of limbs. Limb describes cone in space.
Rotation- Turning of bone around its own long axis, towards midline or away from it.
Medial- Rotation toward midline.
Lateral- Rotation away from midline.
Gliding Movements- One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface.
Special Movements
Supination & Pronation- Rotation of radius and ulna
Supination- Palms face anteriorly. Radius and Ulna are parallel
Pronation- Palms face posteriorly. Radius rotates over ulna.
Dorisflexion & Plantar Flexion of foot
Dorisflexion- Bending foot towards shin.
Plantar Flexion- Pointing toes.
Inversion and Eversion of foot
Inversion- Sole of foot faces medially
Eversion- Sole of foot faces laterally
Protraction & Retraction
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue- Five major cell types, each of which is a specialized form of the same basic cell shape.
Osteoblasts- Bone forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid.
Osteogenic cells- Mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum. When stimulated, they differentiate into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells. Some remain as osteogenic stem cells.
Names of Bones
Scapula
Ulna
Humerus
Radius
Vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
cervical vertebrae
Carpals
Clavicle
Metacarpals
Skull
Parietal
Frontal
Temporal
Zygomatic
Mandible
Maxillae
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethiiod
Lacrimal
Nasal
Vomer
Palatine
Phalanges
Sternum
Ribs
Coxal
Sacrum
Coccyx
Femur
Tibia
Fibiula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Talus
Calcaneus
Disorders/ Diseases