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Constitutional Revolution - Coggle Diagram
Constitutional Revolution
Causes
economic crisis; inflation: 1904-5 shah threatened to raise taxes
foreign loans and concessions
standard of living: peasants' standard of living eroded over 19th century
crown land sold to public (i.e. highest bidder); so peasants were more exploited; loss of common rights
increasing imperial presence weakening central authority; affected ability to increase taxation; loss of legitimacy with rise of local notables
establishing culture of protest e.g. bread riots of 1890s; Tobacco Revolt
cholera epidemic led to agricultural crisis e.g. bread prices went up 90%, sugar 33%
customs sugar overseen by a Belgian administration led by Naus; merchants were publicly beaten and then huge protest (bast) in British legation
increasing exposure to Western education; bringing ideas of liberal democracy, French Enlightenment ideas
Groups
peasant rebellions
Majles (parliament): land assignments (tuyul) abolished, but these are taken over by the state
anjomans (associations)
took over the land; expelled the landlords
close to Russia (Azerbajian), where there was a strong influence of social democracy
collaboration between peasants and urban populations; sharing of constitutionalist ideas
women's resistance
promoting domestic production
boycotting of western goods e.g. textiles
opposing western beauty standards
promoting science of housekeeping: promoting schools for education women in sewing to produce their own textiles; promoting self-sufficiency
connecting social issues like poverty and hunger to western imperialism and foreign trade; political in the everyday; the family is a site of politics
women as defending the nation as mothers of future generations
newspapers e.g. Danesh, leading women's newspaper
some women wrote to newspaper to criticise its advertising of western goods
Ideas/policies
Tensions
Forms of protest/expression