Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Component 3, Chapter 8, Chapter 9, Chapter 7 - Coggle Diagram
Component 3
Chapter 8
8.1
TROPICAL RAINFORESTS
climate is perfect for year round growth and reproduction
large biodiversity
rainforests are ancient and has a stable climate so thousands of species have survived and evolved there
the multiple canopy layers provide multiple specialised habitats
no dry season
temperatures are high all year round
grow continually
4 LAYERS
EMERGENT LAYER
hardwood, evergreen trees that broke through the canopy layer for the sunlight. Contains monkey + birds
CANOPY LAYER
A lot of food is available. Has epiphytes. Contains snakes + birds + tree frogs
UNDERSTOREY LAYER
young trees and those with large leaves to absorb sunlight. Has lianas. Contains insects
FOREST FLOOR
darkness of the floor means ferns and large leaves. Has buttress roots. Contains mammals e.g. jaguar
.
Epiphytes - A plant that grows on plants, usually a tree, for support
Lianas - A long woody climbing plant that grows on trees so it can reach sunlight
Buttress Roots - big strong roots that go deep into the ground to provide support for big tall trees
ADAPTIONS IN THE RAINFOREST
Plants
Evergreen hardwood trees
Huge triangular buttress roots to support the weight of the tree.
Leaves and branches are only at the top near direct sunlight.
Epiphytes
Evolved to get nutrients from water and air rather than soil because they live too high up (canopy layer)
Lianas
Use trees to cling to so it can climb up to sunlight in the canopy whilst still getting water and nutrients from below
Drip tip leaves
Thick, waxy leaves with dropped tips to shed water quickly to prevent water rotting
Animals
Sloth
Huge claws allow them to hang upside down. Fur grows away from feet to help shed water when upside down. Green algae grows in their fur so that they can camouflage from predators
Primates
Lemurs and monkeys have long tails for balance. They have strong claws to grip branches and trees
Big cats
Camo fur so they can blend in with the shade and the sun on the forest floor so they can hunt easier.
Birds
Very loud calls because it’s easier to hear a mate then see them because the forest is so dense.
Some birds have big powerful beaks to break open nuts
8.3
8.11
8.7
8.9
8.6
8.8
8.4
8.2
8.5
8.10
Chapter 9
9.1
9.11
9.3
9.12 + 9.13
9.2
9.10
9.5
9.8 + 9.9
9.7
9.4
9.6
Chapter 7
7.5
HOW THE NUTRIENT CYCLE WORKS
Plants absorb nutrients from the soil, water, or air.
Animals obtain nutrients by eating plants or other animals.
Organisms produce waste and eventually die.
Decomposers (such as bacteria and fungi) break down dead organisms and waste.
Nutrients are released back into the environment (soil, water, or atmosphere).
Plants take up these nutrients again, and the cycle repeats.
nutrient cycles can be disrupted easily and destroyed by:
removing biomass removes the nutrient store
heavy rain can wash away litter
surface runoff can wash away litter
deforested areas are at risk from soil erosion
Trees affect water cycle
They intercept the water so rainfall doesn’t hit the soil directly and it won’ t cause soil erosion
They infiltrate water into the soil so there is groundwater supplies for people to drink
They decrease surface run-off, therefore decreasing soil erosion, and decreasing flooding because the flow of the water to a channel is slower
Flooding is less frequent and the river doesn’t become as dirty because there isn’t as much soil erosion that can be taken into the river
Trees keep the climate healthy because the soil doesn’t dry out quickly and overall evaporation is high enough that there’s enough clouds that can keep reproducing rain
Carbon sinks - natural stores for carbon-containing chemical compounds like CO2 or CH4
Carbon sequestration - Where carbon dioxide is taken from the atmosphere and locked up in biotic material.
Nutrient cycle - Nutrients move between biomass, litter, and soil as part of a continuous nutrient cycle which keeps both plants and soil healthy.
Photosynthesis - Process by which plants make their own food using sunlight. Carbon dioxide + Water —> Oxygen + Glucose
7.2
Local factors that alter animal and plant species include:
rock type
soil type
water availability
water drainage
altitude of land
introduction of ‘foreign’ species by people
TYPES OF TREES
Oak forest - Moist, neutral or slightly acidic soils
Willow and Alder - Waterlogged and marshy areas
Beech and Ash - Limestone and chalk areas with slightly alkaline soils
Scots Pine and Birch - High rainfall, acidic soils with very few nutrients
Rocks undergo chemical weathering, release chemicals/ nutrients into the soil
soils can be alkaline, neutral or acidic depending on the rock type
acidity of the soil = what plants grow
altitudinal zonation = natural layering of different ecosystems and vegetation types on a mountain slope as altitude increases
Abiotic =any non living part in a biome (e.g. atmosphere, rocks, soil)
Local Hydrological Cycle =
Biotic = any part in a biome that is living or used to be living. includes flora and fauna (plant and animal)
7.1
BIOMES
Taiga (Boreal forest)- Coniferous trees. Asia, Europe and NA
Temperate deciduous forest- Deciduous trees. Europe, Asia and NA
Temperate grassland- Short or tall grasses and few grasses. Europe and NA
Mediterranean- Evergreen, deciduous trees + shrubs. Europe and Oceania
Hot desert- Cacti + succulents, but few. Oceania, Africa and North America
Rainforest- Evergreen trees (always grow) Africa, SA and Asia
Savanna grassland- Grass with some trees. Africa
Other biomes- Includes mountain climates, snow and ice, and other grassland and forest biomes. SA + Greenland
Tundra- Grasses, lichens, dwarf shrubs. Very north: Canada,Europe and Asia
Coniferous trees: Pine, spruce, fir
Leaves are like needles or scales
Most keep their leaves all year round (evergreen)
Seeds are usually produced in cones
They’re often tall and cone shaped
Deciduous trees: Oak, maple, beech
Leaves are usually broad and flat
Most lose their leaves in autumn time
Seeds are usually produced in flowers/fruits
They’re often broad trees with a spreading crown
FACTORS
Temperature: most important - depending on average temp/ any seasonal temp changes, different plants will grow and growing seasons differs
Precipitation/ water availability - different types of plants need different amounts of precipitation. Plants also need the precipitation to be spread out across the seasons rather than a dry and then wet season.
Sunshine - affects the rate of photosynthesis which is needed for a plant to grow so less sun = less/ shorter plants.
7.4
4 TYPES OF SERVICES
Provisioning service
- Products obtained from ecosystems. Goods. Foods, crops, fuelwood, timber, genetic and chemical material
Supporting service
- Keeps ecosystems healthy so it provides the other services. Nutrient cycling, photosynthesis and food webs, soil formation
Regulating service
- Link to other physical systems and keep the area and the whole planet healthy. Storing carbon and emitting oxygen which keeps the atmosphere in balance, and purifying water and regulating the flow of water within the hydrological cycle.
Cultural service
- Benefits people get for visiting/living in a healthy ecosystem. Recreation, tourism, education, science, spiritual well being, happiness.
WHY BIOMES ARE EXPLOITED
commercial farming
commercial crops
mining metal ores
timber
construction of dams and reservoirs using hydroelectric power (HEP) to supply water to cities
Slash-and-burn farming
= type of farming where farmers clear small patches of forest by cutting and burning.
The ash from burning adds nutrients to the soil but after the land is used for 5-6 years, the soil is infertile and therefore useless
7.6
Natural resources - Materials found in the environment that are used by humans
Industrialisation - When a country changes from farming and doing things by hand to a more focused view on using machinery
Rising affluence - Wealthier have more money so spend more because they can.
7.7
MALTHUSIAN VIEW
pessimistic
population will grow so big that the world won’t have enough resources (e.g. food, water, energy)
believes the lack of resources will lead to crisis
believed during the pessimistic time of the Revolutionary wars
believed population would grow geometrically (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64) which meant doubling every generation, but food would grow arithmetically (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) so therefore food wouldn’t fulfill the amount that would be necessary
believed population would have to be decreased by war, starvation, famine or people should marry later and have fewer children
BOSERUPIAN VIEW
optimistic
population will grow big but they will invent new ways to produce more food and resources
believed people would be innovative and create new technologies to solve problems
believed during the 1960s which were a optimistic time especially in terms of tech, advancements and change, and Boserup reflected this in her beliefs
both may be wrong. There might be a crisis due to the quality of resources being low, rather than the quantity being too small.