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Oil plants and olive grove management - Coggle Diagram
Oil plants and olive grove management
Temporary Oilseed Crops
Soybean: high protein content, traded as beans and derived products
Rapeseed: Second largest oilseed crop; "Canola" is a variety used for margarine, spreads, and cooking oils
Sunflower: High adaptability to agro-climatic conditions; mainaly used to produce margarine and for cooking
Peanut or Groundnut: Grown in tropical and warmer temperate regions, usually is used for deep-frying
Flax or Linseed: used to produce industrial oil, food products, and fiber for linen textiles.
Sesame: Resistant to oxidative rancidity; rich in protein, thiamin, and Vitamin B6
Cotton: Source of oil, cotton seed meal for animal feed, and fiber for textiles.
Biodiesel Fuel: Produced from vegetable oils including safflower, soya beans, canola, and waste cooking oils.
Permanent Oil Crops
Olive Tree (Olea europaea): Typical Mediterranean species producing table olives and oil, requires mild winters and warm dry summers, sensitive to hard freezing below -5°C
Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis): Native to West Africa, cultivated in tropical regions (Indonesia, Malaysia), yields oil for food, cosmetics, cleaning products, and biodiesel
Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera): Coastal tropical crop; kernel yields copra, coconut oil, and coconut-oil cake for livestock feed
Olive Grove Management
Sustainable Olive Grove Management: Supported by EU LIFE projects and Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) agri-environmental measures.
Soil Erosion & Cover Crops: Cover crops reduce raindrops/wind impact, protect against soil erosion, and increase soil fertility and biodiversity.
Water Protection & Irrigation: Localized irrigation methods (drip and sub-irrigation); rusticity allows growth in rocky, dry, and limestone soils.
Pruning Practices: Pruning on growing plants (desired shape) vs. pruning on mature trees (renewing vegetation and ensuring maximum production).
Fertilizer Needs: Low requirements, needing light applications of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K).
Adversities and Remedies in Olive Groves
Fungal Diseases:
Peacock Spot of Olive (Fusicladium oleagineum): Causes dark green or black spots with yellow halos, leading to defoliation and branch dieback.
Pests:
Black Scale (Saissetia oleae): Produces honeydew and soot mould, interfering with photosynthesis and compromised growth.
Olive Fruit Fly (Bactrocera oleae): Larvae feed on fruit pulp, increasing oil acidity and spoiling fruit quality.
Olive Moth (Prays oleae): Attacks leaves, flowers, and fruit across several generations.
Alternative Control Methods: Pheromone mating disruption, lures and traps, and natural parasites (Psyttalia concolor).
Recent Dangerous Bacteria:
Xylella fastidiosa: Pathogen transmitted by meadow spittlebug vectors; causes rapid desiccation ('scorching'); controlled via isolation, felling, and burning infected trees.