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UTS Biokon - Coggle Diagram
UTS Biokon
Ex-Situ Conservation
Ecosystem Services:
- provisioning services (food, water)
- regulating services (waste water treatment, pollution control)
- supporting services (shelter)
- cultural services (recreation and tourism).
Reason for Ex-situ:
- population too small to remain viable
- continue to decline despite the effort
- Their threat not subside
- innefective
Ex-situ son strategies:
- Botanical garden
- zoological garden
- conservation stands
- gene, pollend, DNA, seed, tissue culture banks
Ex Situ condition:
- different from native habitat
- human involvement
- advantage & disadvantages
- conditions set through various regulations
Advantages:
- human maintaining health
- free of predator
- feed and shelter provided
- longer life expectancy
Captivity breed can reintroduced to wild
Disadvantages:
- limited spaces
- human dependeancy
- coexist with spesies that are not their sympatric species
- susceptible to diseases
- Stress
Animal Welfare
THE 5 FREEDOMS:
- Hunger and Thirst
- Discomfort
- Pain, injury or disease
- Express normal behavior
- Fear & distress
5 Domain:
Nutrition, Environment, Health, Behaviour, and Mental State
CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora)
ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.
APPENDIX I-III
Mode of ex situ:
- Conventional methods (captive breeding): Breeding endangered animals in controlled environments, such as zoos, to increase their populations and potentially reintroduce them into the wild. Example: Breeding Sumatran tigers in captivity.
- Biotechnological methods: Using reproductive technologies and genetic storage to preserve species and their genetic diversity.
-ART (Assisted Reproductive Technology): Techniques such as artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization (IVF) to support reproduction.
-DNA storage: Preserving genetic material, such as DNA, sperm, eggs, or embryos, for future research and potential breeding applications.
Behavior in captivity:
- Social Interaction ~ Living in Group
- Sexual Interaction ~ Hierarchy, Homosexuality
- Male-Female Interaction ~ Female Choice
Pair-Bonding
- Parental Care/Behavior ~ Paternal; Maternal; Altruism
- Mating System ~ Polygamous, Monogamous, Multimale-multifemale
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In Situ Conservation
30 by 30
Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework protecting and conserving at least 30% of the earth’s land, sea and freshwater ecosystems by 2030,
protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated, and managed, through legal or other effective means with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.
can be established:
- Governmentaction,
- Landpurchasesandeasements
- Actions of indigenous peoples
- Developmentofbiologicalfieldstations
Designing Protected Areas considering 4R:
- Representation: Include as many different species, populations, and habitats as possible.
- Resiliency: Make protected areas large enough to maintain healthy biodiversity and withstand environmental changes.
- Redundancy: Protect multiple examples of the same species or habitat in different areas to reduce the risk of total loss.
- Reality: Ensure there is enough funding, political support, and effective management to protect the area.
Challenge PA management:
- Human-Wildlife Conflict & Retaliatory Killing of Wildlife
- Funding and human resources
- Insufficient data and monitoring
CPMK:
Tingkat biodiversitas: Genetik \= variasi gen; spesies \= variasi jenis; ekosistem \= variasi habitat.
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Multistakeholder: Pemerintah, ilmuwan, masyarakat, LSM, dan perusahaan bekerja sama.
Teknologi monitoring: Kamera jebak, drone, GIS, eDNA, GPS, dan bioakustik.
Ancaman biodiversitas: Kehilangan habitat, fragmentasi, perburuan, polusi, perubahan iklim, dan spesies invasif. Status konservasi menunjukkan tingkat risiko kepunahan.
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Introduction
drought= warmer temperature enhance evaporation, which reduce surface water and dries out soil and vegetation
Biodiversity (biological diversity) is the variety of living organisms in a particular area or across the Earth.
Konservasi
Tingkat komunitas
Kawasan konservasi adalah wilayah darat mauoun laut yang ditetapkan untuk melindungi keanekaragaman hayati dan budaya terkait secara legal dan efektif
penetapan kawasan konservasi mempertimbangkan kompromi antara perlindungan hayati dan pemenuhan SDA bagi masyarakat
Jenis Kawasan Konservasi
Cagar alam = protect unique nature.
Suaka margasatwa = protect wildlife.
Taman nasional = protect entire ecosystems.
Taman wisata alam = nature conservation + recreation.
Taman buru = regulated hunting.
Hutan lindung = protect water, soil, and other environmental functions
Kriteria Prioritas Konservasi:
- Kekhasan: prioritas tinggi jika banyak spesies langka dan endemic
- Keterancaman: Spesies dengan tingkat keterancaman punah yang tinggi perlu penanganan lebih dibandingkan yang tidak terancam
- Kegunaan: spesies dengan kegunaan nyata bagi manusia perlu diberikan prioritas konservasi
Pendekatan
Pendekatan spesies berfokus pada organisme tertentu, sedangkan pendekatan komunitas berfokus pada kumpulan spesies beserta hubungan ekologisnya. Keduanya saling melengkapi dalam konservasi biodiversitas.
Pendekatan Spesies
- Spesies yang mendorong dibentuknya Kawasan lindung dikenal sebagai spesies fokal (elang jawa, TN Ujung Kulon: melindungi badak jawa)
- Dengan melindungi spesies tersebut maka spesies lain juga turut terlindungi (Umbrella species)
Pendekatan Komunitas
- Rehabilitasi Terumbu karang Taman Nasional Komodo
Pusat Keanekaragaman Hayati
Kawasan Hot-spot adalah Wilayah dengan keanekaragaman hayati dan tingkat endemisme tinggi dengan ancaman kepunahan spesies dan perusakan habitat yang besar
Efek Tepi & Fragmentasi
- Efek tepi (edge effect): Perubahan kondisi lingkungan dan komposisi spesies di batas antara suatu habitat dan lingkungan sekitarnya. (buffer zone)
- Fragmentasi habitat (habitat fragmentation): Proses terpecahnya habitat yang luas dan menyatu menjadi bagian-bagian kecil yang terpisah, sehingga menghambat pergerakan dan interaksi antarorganisme. (wildlife corridors)
- Fragmentasi mempengaruhi struktur, suhu, kelembapan, dan cahaya → merubah iklim mikro
- Fragmentasi menjadi pintu masuk spesies asing
Pengawasan Hutan Lindung
- mematau komponen yang berpengaruh thdp biodiversiy
- memantau struktur dan kondisi vegetasi
- memantau kesehata kawasan
- evaluasi pengelolaan
- memantau biodiversity dari segi sosio-economic
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Masyarakat
- Melibatkan masyarakat sejak tahap awal
- Pembatasan akses berlebihan
- masyarakat diperkerjakan secara resmi untuk melestarikan
- avoid misperception on local communities
- edukasi masyarakat
Restorasi Ekologi
- Tanpa tindakan ( let it restore itself)
- Rehabilitasi (di ganti ekosistem produktif)
- Restorasi parsial (ekosistem sebagian & spesies dominan ga langka)
- Restorasi lengkap (balik ke semula, modifikasi lokasi secara aktif)
Tanah kosong ditanami kembali, hutan kota
Soal UTS:
- Jelaskan kondisi seperti apa yang memungkinkan konservasi exsitu lebih dipilih dibanding insitu
- sebutkan advantages konservasi exsitu
- whole concept of patches, metapopulation,koridor dan studi kasus of which patches better etc, also about rescue effect
- Bahas certain Undang-undang Indonesia (i dont remember) dan apakah UU tersebut mendukung/sejalan dengan misi 30 by 30, terus berdasarkan definisi areal konservasi dari UU tersebut apakah definisinya sama dengan definisi certain organization (i forgot)
- Designing protected area considering 4R (Representation, Resiliency, Redudancy and Reality) which R yang paling harus diperhatikan dan prioritas